. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. 1976 [2007-08-01]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-09). The smoking of hookah and hubble-bubble started in India during the reign of the great Moghul emperor, Akbar
Khaled Aljarrah; Zaid Q Ababneh; Wael K Al-Delaimy. . Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2009, 5 (1): 16. ISSN1617-9625. PMC2806861. PMID20021672. doi:10.1186/1617-9625-5-16. Hookahs originated in India in the 15th century and then spread to the Near East countries. Hookahs spread first to Persia and underwent further changes to its original shape to the current known shape. In the middle of the 16th century, hookahs reached the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and other Mediterranean regions.
. www.iranicaonline.org. [2019-05-29]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-27). It seems, therfore, [sic] that Abu’l-Fatḥ Gīlānī should be credited with the introduction of the ḡalyān, already in use in Persia, to India.