Arkusfunktiot

Komplementtikulmat:

${\displaystyle \arccos x={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arcsin x}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} x={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arctan x}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc} x={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\operatorname {arcsec} x}$

Negatiivisille argumenteille:

${\displaystyle \arcsin(-x)=-\arcsin x\!}$

${\displaystyle \arccos(-x)=\pi -\arccos x\!}$

${\displaystyle \arctan(-x)=-\arctan x\!}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot}(-x)=\pi -\operatorname {arccot} x\!}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {arcsec}(-x)=\pi -\operatorname {arcsec} x\!}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc}(-x)=-\operatorname {arccsc} x\!}$

Argumentin käänteisluvun arkusfunktiot:

${\displaystyle \arccos {\frac {1}{x}}\,=\operatorname {arcsec} x}$

${\displaystyle \arcsin {\frac {1}{x}}\,=\operatorname {arccsc} x}$

${\displaystyle \arctan {\frac {1}{x}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arctan x=\operatorname {arccot} x,\ }$ if ${\displaystyle \ x>0}$

${\displaystyle \arctan {\frac {1}{x}}=-{\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arctan x=-\pi +\operatorname {arccot} x,\ }$ if ${\displaystyle \ x<0}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} {\frac {1}{x}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\operatorname {arccot} x=\arctan x,\ }$ if ${\displaystyle \ x>0}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} {\frac {1}{x}}={\frac {3\pi }{2}}-\operatorname {arccot} x=\pi +\arctan x,\ }$ if ${\displaystyle \ x<0}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {arcsec} {\frac {1}{x}}=\arccos x}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc} {\frac {1}{x}}=\arcsin x}$

Arkusfunktioiden derivaatat ovat sekä reaali- että kompleksilukujen joukossa seuraavat:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}}\arcsin x&{}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\arccos x&{}={\frac {-1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\arctan x&{}={\frac {1}{1+x^{2}}}\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arccot} x&{}={\frac {-1}{1+x^{2}}}\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arcsec} x&{}={\frac {1}{x^{2}\,{\sqrt {1-{1 \over {x^{2}}}}}}}\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arccsc} x&{}={\frac {-1}{x^{2}\,{\sqrt {1-{1 \over {x^{2}}}}}}}\end{aligned}}}$

Vain ${\displaystyle x}$:n reaaliarvoille pätee lisäksi:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arcsec} x&{}={\frac {1}{|x|\,{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}};\qquad |x|>1\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {arccsc} x&{}={\frac {-1}{|x|\,{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}};\qquad |x|>1\end{aligned}}}$

Arkusfunktioiden derivaatat ovat siis x:n algebrallisia lausekkeita, minkä vuoksi arkusfunktioilla on huomattava merkitys integraalilaskennassa.

Arkusfunktioilla on seuraavat Taylorin sarjakehitelmät:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\arcsin z&{}=z+\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {z^{3}}{3}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {z^{5}}{5}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {z^{7}}{7}}+\cdots \\&{}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right){\frac {z^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)}};\qquad |z|\leq 1\end{aligned}}}$

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\arccos z&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arcsin z\\&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-(z+\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {z^{3}}{3}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {z^{5}}{5}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {z^{7}}{7}}+\cdots )\\&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right){\frac {z^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)}};\qquad |z|\leq 1\end{aligned}}}$

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\arctan z&{}=z-{\frac {z^{3}}{3}}+{\frac {z^{5}}{5}}-{\frac {z^{7}}{7}}+\cdots \\&{}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}z^{2n+1}}{2n+1}};\qquad |z|\leq 1\qquad z\neq i,-i\end{aligned}}}$

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arccot} z&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arctan z\\&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-(z-{\frac {z^{3}}{3}}+{\frac {z^{5}}{5}}-{\frac {z^{7}}{7}}+\cdots )\\&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}z^{2n+1}}{2n+1}};\qquad |z|\leq 1\qquad z\neq i,-i\end{aligned}}}$

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arcsec} z&{}=\arccos \left(z^{-1}\right)\\&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-(z^{-1}+\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {z^{-3}}{3}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {z^{-5}}{5}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {z^{-7}}{7}}+\cdots )\\&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right){\frac {z^{-(2n+1)}}{(2n+1)}};\qquad \left|z\right|\geq 1\end{aligned}}}$

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arccsc} z&{}=\arcsin \left(z^{-1}\right)\\&{}=z^{-1}+\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {z^{-3}}{3}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {z^{-5}}{5}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {z^{-7}}{7}}+\cdots \\&{}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right){\frac {z^{-(2n+1)}}{2n+1}};\qquad \left|z\right|\geq 1\end{aligned}}}$

Leonhard Euler keksi nopeammin suppenevan sarjan, jolla arkustangentin arvot voidaan laskea:

${\displaystyle \arctan x={\frac {x}{1+x^{2}}}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\prod _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {2kx^{2}}{(2k+1)(1+x^{2})}}.}$

(Tässä on huomattava, että arvolla n=0 on tulon oletettava olevan 1.)

Tämä voidaan ilmaista myös muodossa:

${\displaystyle \arctan x=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2^{\,2n}\,(n!)^{2}}{\left(2n+1\right)!}}\;{\frac {x^{\,2n+1}}{\left(1+x^{2}\right)^{n+1}}}}$

• Alkeisfunktiot
• Areafunktiot
• Trigonometriset funktiot

• Rikkonen, Harri: Matematiikan pitkä peruskurssi II: Reaalimuuttujan funktioiden differentiaalilasku. Helsinki: Otakustantamo, 1969. ISBN 951-671-022-0.
• Pitkäranta, Juhani: Calculus Fennicus. Helsinki: Avoimet oppimateriaalit ry, 2015. ISBN 978-952-7010-12-9, ISBN 978-952-7010-13-6 (pdf).