Nigeriako Gerra Zibila

Nigeriako Gerra Zibila - arruntean Biafrako Gerra deitua - 1967ko uztailaren 7tik 1970eko urtarrilaren 15era artean Nigeriako gobernua eta Biafrako estatu sezesionista artean izandako gatazkari ematen zaion izena da. Biafra igbo herriaren aldarrikapen nazionalista izan zen, iparraldetik zuzendutako gobernu federalak zapalduta zegoena. Nigeriaren deskolonizazioak 1960 eta 1963 artean eragindako tirabira politiko, ekonomiko, etniko, kultural eta erlijiosoek gatazka sortu zuten baina 1966ko estatu-kolpeak, kontraerasoak eta iparraldeko Nigerian bizi ziren igboen aurkako pogromak zuzeneko txinpartak izan ziren. Gainera Nigerren deltako petrolio ustiapenak garrantzi estrategikoa izan zuen.

Nigeriako Gerra Zibila
Gerra Hotza
Biafrako Errepublika independentea 1967ko ekainean
Data1967ko uztailaren 6a–1970eko urtarrilaren 15a
LekuaBiafra
EmaitzaNigeriarren garaipena
Gudulariak
 Nigeria
Arabiar Errepublika Batua (aireko laguntza)[1][2]
  Biafra
Buruzagiak
Nigeria Yakubu Gowon
Nigeria Murtala Mohammed
Nigeria Benjamin Adekunle
Nigeria Olusegun Obasanjo
Nigeria Mohammed Shuwa
Nigeria E.A. Etuk
Nigeria Shehu Musa Yar'Adua
Nigeria Theophilus Danjuma
Nigeria Ibrahim Haruna
Nigeria Ipoola Alani Akinrinade
Nigeria Ted Hamman†
Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari
Nigeria Ibrahim Babangida
Nigeria Isaac Adaka Boro†
Nigeria Idris Garba
Egipto Mustafa Shalaby El Hennawy		 Biafra Odumegwu Ojukwu
Biafra Philip Effiong
Biafra Alexander Madiebo
Biafra Albert Okonkwo
Biafra Victor Banjo
Biafra Ogbugo Kalu
Biafra Joseph Achuzie
Biafra Azum Asoya
Biafra Mike Inveso
Biafra Timothy Onwuatuegwu†
BiafraAlemaniako Errepublika Federala Rolf Steiner
Biafra Festus Akagha
BiafraKanada Lynn Garrison
Biafra Taffy Williams
Biafra Jonathan Uchendu
Biafra Ogbo Oji
Biafra Humphrey Chukwuka
Biafra H.M. Njoku
Indarra
85.000​-150.000 (1967)
200.000​-250.000 ​(1970)		 10.000​-100.000 ​(1967)
50.000​-100.000 ​(1970)

Handik urtebetera, gobernu federalak Biafra inguratu, petrolioaren azpiegituraz arduratu eta Port Harcourt hiria hartu zuen. Blokeoak gosetea eragin zuen eta, gerran zehar, 100.000 militar hiltzeaz gain 500.000 eta 2 milioi arteko briafar zibil ere gosez hil ziren.[13]

1968. urterako, elikatu gabeko briafar irudiak mendebaldeko hedabideetan zabaldu eta cause célèbre bilakatu zen, gobernuz kanpoko erakundeek emari asko lortuz. Erresuma Batuak eta Sobietar Batasunak Lagosko gobernua babestu zuten; Frantziak, Israelek eta beste herrialdeek, berriz, Biafraren alde egin zuten. Egungo Nigeriak oraindik gerraren ondorioak pairatzen ditu.

Erreferentziak
  1. The Literary Magazine - the Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe. .
  2. Draper, Michael I.. Shadows : Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970. ISBN 1-902109-63-5..
  3. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e5/c15646.htm
  4. Nigeria Since Independence: The First Twenty-five Years : International Relations. , 204 or..
  5. (Ingelesez) Sadleman, Stephen. (2000). The Ties That Divide. , 86 or..
  6. Tucker, Spencer C.. The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History. ISBN 9781440842948..
  7. The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War. .
  8. (Ingelesez) United With Israel. (2013-10-13). Biafran Airlift: Israel’s Secret Mission to Save Lives. Press, Eitan.
  9. The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945–1980. , 91 or..
  10. Griffin. (2015). French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War. , 122 or..
  11. Republic of Biafra 1967-1970. .
  12. MacDonald, Malcolm. (1995). Bringing an End to Empire. , 416 or..
  13. American University: ICE Case Studies. (1997). ICE Case Studies: The Biafran War. American University.

Bibliografia
  • Baxter, Peter (2015). Biafra: The Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970. Helion and Company. ISBN 9781910777473.
  • Achebe, Chinua. There Was a Country, by Chinua Achebe; Penguin Press, 2012. (ISBN 978-1-59420-482-1)
  • Chant, Christopher. Warfare of the 20th Century. Chartwell Books, 1988. Ibadan University Press, 1974.
  • Daly, Samuel Fury Childs. A History of the Republic of Biafra: Law, Crime, and the Nigerian Civil War, (Cambridge University Press, 2020) online review
  • Diamond, Larry. Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Press, 1988. ISBN 0-333-39435-6
  • Draper, Michael I. Shadows : Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970. ISBN 1-902109-63-5
  • Dudley, Billy. Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria
  • Ejibunu, Hassan Tai: Nigeria's Delta Crisis: Root Causes and Peacelessness – EPU Research Papers: Issue 07/07, Stadtschlaining 2007
  • Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. The Biafra War: Nigeria and the Aftermath. African Studies, Volume 17. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990. ISBN 0-88946-235-6
  • Griffin, Christopher (2015). "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 26 (1): 114–135. doi:10.1080/09592318.2014.959766. S2CID 143967690.
  • Heerten, Lasse; Moses, A. Dirk (2014). "The Nigeria–Biafra war: postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide". Journal of Genocide Research. 16 (2–3): 169–203. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936700.
  • Jowett, Philip S. (2016). Modern African Wars (5). The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967–70. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472816092.
  • Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. The Genesis of the Nigerian Civil War and the Theory of Fear. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Research Report No. 27. Uppsala Offset Centre AB, 1975. ISBN 91-7106-085-5
  • Levey, Zach. "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra civil war, 1967–70". Journal of Genocide Research 2–3, 2014.
  • Madiebo, Alexander A. The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War. Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1980.
  • Njoku, H. M. A Tragedy Without Heroes: The Nigeria—Biafra War. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., Ltd., 1987. ISBN 978-156-238-2
  • Obe, Peter Nigeria - A decade of crisis in pictures. Peter Obe Photo Agency, Lagos, 1971.
  • Ojiaku, Chief Uche Jim. Surviving the Iron Curtain: A Microscopic View of What Life Was Like, Inside a War-Torn Region. 2007. ISBN 1-4241-7070-2; ISBN 978-1-4241-7070-8
  • Olawoyin, James Alabi Olabisi. "Historical Analysis of Nigeria–Biafra Conflict". Master of Laws thesis accepted at York University (Toronto, Ontario), October 1971.
  • O'Sullivan, Kevin (2014). "Humanitarian encounters: Biafra, NGOs and imaginings of the Third World in Britain and Ireland, 1967–70". Journal of Genocide Research. 16 (2–3): 299–315. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936706. hdl:10379/6616. S2CID 71299457.
  • Pierri, Bruno (2013). "A New Entry into the World Oil Market: Nigeria and Its Relations with the Atlantic Powers, 1967–1973". Eunomia. Rivista Semestrale di Storia e Politica Internazionali. 1 (2).
  • Stevenson, John Allen. "Capitol Gains: How Foreign Military Intervention and the Elite Quest for International Recognition Cause Mass Killing in New States". Political science PhD dissertation, accepted at University of Chicago, December 2014.
  • Stremlau, John J. (2015). The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400871285.
  • Uche, Chibuike. "Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War". Journal of African History 49, 2008.
  • Vidal, João M. (September–October 1996). "Texans in Biafra: T-6Gs in Use in the Nigerian Civil War". Air Enthusiast (65): 40–47. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Zumbach, Jan. On Wings of War: My Life as a Pilot Adventurer.

Kanpo estekak
Historia
Nigeria
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