Leon Festinger

Leon Festinger (New York, 1919ko maiatzaren 8a – ib., 1989ko otsailaren 11) psikologo sozial estatubatuarra izan zen, bere disonantzia kognitibo eta konparazio sozialen teoriengatik ezaguna.[1][2][3][4]

Leon Festinger
Bizitza
JaiotzaManhattan, 1919ko maiatzaren 8a
Herrialdea Ameriketako Estatu Batuak
HeriotzaNew York, 1989ko otsailaren 11 (69 urte)
Heriotza moduaberezko heriotza: minbizia
Hezkuntza
HeziketaCity College of New York (en) Itzuli 1939) Zientziatan graduatua : Psikologia
Iowako Unibertsitatea 1940) master
Iowako Unibertsitatea 1942) Doktoretza : Garapenaren psikologia
Boys High School
Hezkuntza-mailaDoktoretza
Tesi zuzendariaKurt Lewin
Doktorego ikaslea(k)Stanley Schachter
Elliot Aronson (en) Itzuli
Harold B. Gerard (en) Itzuli
Bertram Raven (en) Itzuli
Judson Ridgway Mills (en) Itzuli
Hizkuntzakingelesa
Ikaslea(k)
Jarduerak
Jarduerakpsikologoa eta unibertsitateko irakaslea
Enplegatzailea(k)Michigango Unibertsitatea
Minnesotako Unibertsitatea
Jasotako sariak
KidetzaAmeriketako Estatu Batuetako Zientzien Akademia Nazionala
Zientziak Aurrera Egiteko Elkarte Amerikarra
Arteen eta Zientzien Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Akademia
Sinesmenak eta ideologia
Erlijioaateismoa

Lanak
  • Allyn, J., & Festinger, L. (1961). Effectiveness of Unanticipated Persuasive Communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(1), 35–40.[5]
  • Back, K., Festinger, L., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H., Schachter, S., & Thibaut, J. (1950). The methodology of studying rumor transmission. Human Relations, 3(3), 307–312.[6]
  • Brehm, J., & Festinger, L. (1957). Pressures toward uniformity of performance in groups. Human Relations, 10(1), 85–91.[7]
  • Cartwright, D., & Festinger, L. (1943). A quantitative theory of decision. Psychological Review, 50, 595–621.[8]
  • Coren, S., & Festinger, L. (1967). Alternative view of the "Gibson normalization effect". Perception & Psychophysics, 2(12), 621–626.[9]
  • Festinger, L. (1942a). A theoretical interpretation of shifts in level of aspiration. Psychological Review, 49, 235–250.[10]
  • Festinger, L. (1942b). Wish, expectation, and group standards as factors influencing level of aspiration. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 37, 184–200.[11]
  • Festinger, L. (1943a). Development of differential appetite in the rat. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(3), 226–234.[12]
  • Festinger, L. (1943b). An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution. Psychometrika, 8, 153–160.[13]
  • Festinger, L. (1943c). A statistical test for means of samples from skew populations. Psychometrika, 8, 205–210.[14]
  • Festinger, L. (1943d). Studies in decision: I. Decision-time, relative frequency of judgment and subjective confidence as related to physical stimulus difference. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(4), 291–306.[15]
  • Festinger, L. (1943e). Studies in decision: II. An empirical test of a quantitative theory of decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(5), 411–423.[16]
  • Festinger, L. (1946). The significance of difference between means without reference to the frequency distribution function. Psychometrika, 11(2), 97–105.[17]
  • Festinger, L. (1947a). The role of group belongingness in a voting situation. Human Relations, 1(2), 154–180.[18]
  • Festinger, L. (1947b). The treatment of qualitative data by scale analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 44(2), 149–161.[19]
  • Festinger, L. (1949). The analysis of sociograms using matrix algebra. Human Relations, 2(2), 153–158.[20]
  • Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57(5), 271–282.[21]
  • Festinger, L. (1950b). Psychological Statistics. Psychometrika, 15(2), 209–213.
  • Festinger, L. (1951). Architecture and group membership. Journal of Social Issues, 7(1–2), 152–163.[22]
  • Festinger, L. (1952). Some consequences of de-individuation in a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47(2), 382–389.[23]
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.[24]
  • Festinger, L. (1955a). Handbook of social psychology, vol 1, Theory and method, vol 2, Special fields and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 39(5), 384–385.[25]
  • Festinger, L. (1955b). Social psychology and group processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 6, 187–216.[26]
  • Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.[27]
  • Festinger, L. (1959a). Sampling and related problems in research methodology. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64(2), 358–369.[28]
  • Festinger, L. (1959b). Some attitudinal consequences of forced decisions. Acta Psychologica, 15, 389–390.
  • Festinger, L. (1961). The psychological effects of insufficient rewards. American Psychologist, 16(1), 1–11.[29]
  • Festinger, L. (1962). Cognitive dissonance. Scientific American, 207(4), 93–107.[30]
  • Festinger, L. (1964). Behavioral support for opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 28(3), 404–417.[31]
  • Festinger, L. (Ed.). (1980). Retrospections on Social Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.[32]
  • Festinger, L. (1981). Human nature and human competence. Social Research, 48(2), 306–321.
  • Festinger, L. (1983). The Human Legacy. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Festinger, L., & Canon, L. K. (1965). Information about spatial location based on knowledge about efference. Psychological Review, 72(5), 373–384.
  • Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58(2), 203–210.[33]
  • Festinger, L., Cartwright, D., Barber, K., Fleischl, J., Gottsdanker, J., Keysen, A., & Leavitt, G. (1948). A study of rumor transition: Its origin and spread. Human Relations, 1(4), 464–486.[34]
  • Festinger, L., Gerard, H., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H. H., & Raven, B. (1952). The influence process in the presence of extreme deviates. Human Relations, 5(4), 327–346.[35]
  • Festinger, L., & Holtzman, J. D. (1978). Retinal image smear as a source of information about magnitude of eye-movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 4(4), 573–585.[36]
  • Festinger, L., & Hutte, H. A. (1954). An experimental investigation of the effect of unstable interpersonal relations in a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49(4), 513–522.
  • Festinger, L., & Katz, D. (Eds.). (1953). Research methods in the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Dryden.[37]
  • Festinger, L., & Maccoby, N. (1964). On resistance to persuasive communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(4), 359–366.[38]
  • Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When Prophecy Fails. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.[39]
  • Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Festinger, L., Sedgwick, H. A., & Holtzman, J. D. (1976). Visual-perception during smooth pursuit eye-movements. Vision Research, 16(12), 1377–1386.[40]
  • Festinger, L., & Thibaut, J. (1951). Interpersonal communication in small groups. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46(1), 92–99.[41]
  • Festinger, L., Torrey, J., & Willerman, B. (1954). Self-evaluation as a function of attraction to the group. Human Relations, 7(2), 161–174.[42]
  • Hertzman, M., & Festinger, L. (1940). Shifts in explicit goals in a level of aspiration experiment. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27(4), 439–452.[43]
  • Hochberg, J., & Festinger, L. (1979). Is there curvature adaptation not attributable to purely intravisual phenomena. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 71–71.[44]
  • Hoffman, P. J., Festinger, L., & Lawrence, D. H. (1954). Tendencies toward group comparability in competitive bargaining. Human Relations, 7(2), 141–159.[45]
  • Holtzman, J. D., Sedgwick, H. A., & Festinger, L. (1978). Interaction of perceptually monitored and unmonitored efferent commands for smooth pursuit eye movements. Vision Research, 18(11), 1545–1555.[46]
  • Komoda, M. K., Festinger, L., & Sherry, J. (1977). The accuracy of two-dimensional saccades in the absence of continuing retinal stimulation. Vision Research, 17(10), 1231–1232.[47]
  • Miller, J., & Festinger, L. (1977). Impact of oculomotor retraining on visual-perception of curvature. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 3(2), 187–200.[48]
  • Schachter, S., Festinger, L., Willerman, B., & Hyman, R. (1961). Emotional disruption and industrial productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 45(4), 201–213.[49]

Erreferentziak
  1. Zukier, H. (1989). "Introduction." In Schachter, S., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (Eds.), Extending Psychological Frontiers: Selected Works of Leon Festinger (pp. xi–xxiv). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  2. Zanjonc, R. B. (1991). Obituaries: Leon Festinger (1919–1989). The American Psychologist, 45(5), 661–662.
  3. Festinger, L. "Laboratory Experiments." In L. Festinger, & D. Katz (Eds.). (1953). Research methods in the behavioral sciences (pp. 137–172). New York, NY: Dryden.
  4. Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  5. (Ingelesez) Allyn, J.; Festinger, L.. (1961-01). «The effectiveness of unanticipated persuasive communications.» The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62 (1): 35–40.  doi:10.1037/h0048493. ISSN 0096-851X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  6. (Ingelesez) Back, Kurt; Festinger, Leon; Hymovitch, Bernard; Kelley, Harold; Schachter, Stanley; Thibaut, John. (1950). «A method of studying rumor transmission.» Theory and experiment in social communication. (Research Center for Dynamics Institute for Social Research): 118–123.  doi:10.1037/10646-007. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  7. (Ingelesez) Brehm, Jack; Festinger, Leon. (1957-02). «Pressures Toward Uniformity of Performance in Groups» Human Relations 10 (1): 85–91.  doi:10.1177/001872675701000106. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  8. (Ingelesez) Cartwright, Dorwin; Festinger, Leon. (1943). «A quantitative theory of decision.» Psychological Review 50 (6): 595–621.  doi:10.1037/h0056982. ISSN 1939-1471. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  9. (Ingelesez) Coren, Stanley; Festiniger, Leon. (1967-12). «An alternative view of the “Gibson normalization effect”» Perception & Psychophysics 2 (12): 621–626.  doi:10.3758/BF03210280. ISSN 0031-5117. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  10. (Ingelesez) Festinger, L.. (1942). «A theoretical interpretation of shifts in level of aspiration.» Psychological Review 49 (3): 235–250.  doi:10.1037/h0055434. ISSN 0033-295X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  11. (Ingelesez) Festinger, L.. (1942-04). «Wish, expectation, and group standards as factors influencing level of aspiration.» The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 37 (2): 184–200.  doi:10.1037/h0060328. ISSN 0096-851X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  12. (Ingelesez) Festinger, L.. (1943). «Development of differential appetite in the rat.» Journal of Experimental Psychology 32 (3): 226–234.  doi:10.1037/h0061297. ISSN 0022-1015. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  13. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1943-09). «An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution» Psychometrika 8 (3): 153–160.  doi:10.1007/BF02288699. ISSN 0033-3123. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  14. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1943-12). «A statistical test for means of samples from skew populations» Psychometrika 8 (4): 205–210.  doi:10.1007/BF02288704. ISSN 0033-3123. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  15. (Ingelesez) Festinger, L.. (1943). «Studies in decision: I. Decision-time, relative frequency of judgment and subjective confidence as related to physical stimulus difference.» Journal of Experimental Psychology 32 (4): 291–306.  doi:10.1037/h0056685. ISSN 0022-1015. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  16. (Ingelesez) Festinger, L.. (1943). «Studies in decision. II. An empirical test of a quantitative theory of decision.» Journal of Experimental Psychology 32 (5): 411–423.  doi:10.1037/h0055942. ISSN 0022-1015. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  17. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1946-06). «The significance of difference between means without reference to the frequency distribution function» Psychometrika 11 (2): 97–105.  doi:10.1007/BF02288926. ISSN 0033-3123. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  18. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1947-11). «The Role of Group Belongingness in a Voting Situation» Human Relations 1 (2): 154–180.  doi:10.1177/001872674700100202. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  19. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1947-03). «The treatment of qualitative data by "scale analysis."» Psychological Bulletin 44 (2): 149–161.  doi:10.1037/h0056039. ISSN 1939-1455. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  20. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1949-04). «The Analysis of Sociograms using Matrix Algebra» Human Relations 2 (2): 153–158.  doi:10.1177/001872674900200205. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  21. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1950-09). «Informal social communication.» Psychological Review 57 (5): 271–282.  doi:10.1037/h0056932. ISSN 1939-1471. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  22. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (2010-04-14). «ARCHITECTURE AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP» Journal of Social Issues 7 (1-2): 152–163.  doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1951.tb02229.x. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  23. (Ingelesez) Festinger, L.; Pepitone, A.; Newcomb, T.. (1952-04). «Some consequences of de-individuation in a group.» The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 47 (2, Suppl): 382–389.  doi:10.1037/h0057906. ISSN 0096-851X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  24. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1954-05). «A Theory of Social Comparison Processes» Human Relations 7 (2): 117–140.  doi:10.1177/001872675400700202. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  25. Handbook of social psychology. (5th ed. argitaraldia) John Wiley 2010 ISBN 0-470-56111-4. PMC 643326934. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  26. (Ingelesez) Festinger, L. (1955-02). «Social Psychology and Group Processes» Annual Review of Psychology 6 (1): 187–216.  doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.06.020155.001155. ISSN 0066-4308. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  27. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press ISBN 978-0-8047-0911-8. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  28. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1959). «Some attitudinal consequences of forced decisions» Acta Psychologica 15: 389–390.  doi:10.1016/S0001-6918(59)80203-1. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  29. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1961-01). «The psychological effects of insufficient rewards.» American Psychologist 16 (1): 1–11.  doi:10.1037/h0045112. ISSN 1935-990X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  30. (Ingelesez) «Cognitive Dissonance» Scientific American (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  31. Festinger, Leon. (23/1964). «Behavioral Support for Opinion Change» Public Opinion Quarterly 28 (3): 404.  doi:10.1086/267263. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  32. (Ingelesez) Festinger, R. Leon. (1980). Retrospections on Social Psychology. Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-502751-8. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  33. (Ingelesez) «APA PsycNet» psycnet.apa.org (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  34. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon; Cartwright, Dorwin; Barber, Kathleen; Fleischl, Juliet; Gottsdanker, Josephine; Keysen, Annette; Leavitt, Gloria. (1948-11). «A Study of a Rumor: Its Origin and Spread» Human Relations 1 (4): 464–486.  doi:10.1177/001872674800100405. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-30).
  35. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon; Gerard, Harold B.; Hymovitch, Bernard; Kelley, Harold H.; Raven, Bert. (1952-11). «The Influence Process in the Presence of Extreme Deviates» Human Relations 5 (4): 327–346.  doi:10.1177/001872675200500402. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-30).
  36. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon; Holtzman, Jeffrey D.. (1978). «Retinal image smear as a source of information about magnitude of eye movement.» Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4 (4): 573–585.  doi:10.1037/0096-1523.4.4.573. ISSN 1939-1277. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-30).
  37. (Gaztelaniaz) «9781135544478: Research Methods in the Behavioral Sciences - IberLibro - Festinger, Leon & Katz Daniel, Ed.: 1135544476» www.iberlibro.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-30).
  38. (Ingelesez) «APA PsycNet» psycnet.apa.org (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-30).
  39. Festinger, Leon. (2008). When prophecy fails. Print & Martin ISBN 978-1-905177-19-6. PMC 231590206. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  40. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon; Sedgwick, Harold A.; Holtzman, Jeffrey D.. (1976-01). «Visual perception during smooth pursuit eye movements» Vision Research 16 (12): 1377–1386.  doi:10.1016/0042-6989(76)90155-3. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  41. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon; Thibaut, John. (1951-01). «Interpersonal communication in small groups.» The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46 (1): 92–99.  doi:10.1037/h0054899. ISSN 0096-851X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  42. (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon; Torrey, Jane; Willerman, Ben. (1954-05). «Self-Evaluation as a Function of Attraction to the Group» Human Relations 7 (2): 161–174.  doi:10.1177/001872675400700204. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  43. (Ingelesez) Hertzman, M.; Festinger, L.. (1940). «Shifts in explicit goals in a level of aspiration experiment.» Journal of Experimental Psychology 27 (4): 439–452.  doi:10.1037/h0055195. ISSN 0022-1015. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  44. (Ingelesez) Hochberg, Julian; Festinger, Leon. (1979-03). «Is there curvature adaptation not attributable to purely intravisual phenomena?» Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2 (1): 71–71.  doi:10.1017/S0140525X00060817. ISSN 0140-525X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  45. (Ingelesez) Hoffman, Paul J.; Festinger, Leon; Lawrence, Douglas H.. (1954-05). «Tendencies toward Group Comparability in Competitive Bargaining» Human Relations 7 (2): 141–159.  doi:10.1177/001872675400700203. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  46. (Ingelesez) Holtzman, Jeffrey D.; Sedgwick, Harold A.; Festinger, Leon. (1978-01). «Interaction of perceptually monitored and unmonitored efferent commands for smooth pursuit eye movements» Vision Research 18 (11): 1545–1555.  doi:10.1016/0042-6989(78)90010-X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  47. (Ingelesez) Komoda, Melvin K.; Festinger, Leon; Sherry, Johnathan. (1977-01). «The accuracy of two-dimensional saccades in the absence of continuing retinal stimulation» Vision Research 17 (10): 1231–1232.  doi:10.1016/0042-6989(77)90159-6. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  48. (Ingelesez) Miller, Joel; Festinger, Leon. (1977). «Impact of oculomotor retraining on the visual perception of curvature.» Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 3 (2): 187–200.  doi:10.1037/0096-1523.3.2.187. ISSN 1939-1277. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
  49. (Ingelesez) Schachter, Stanley; Festinger, Leon; Willerman, Ben; Hyman, Ray. (1961). «Emotional disruption and industrial productivity.» Journal of Applied Psychology 45 (4): 201–213.  doi:10.1037/h0042877. ISSN 1939-1854. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).

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