Ĉoktaoj
Usona indiana tribo • tribo
Usonaj indianoj
Suma populacio
Ŝtatoj kun signifa populacio
Lingvo(j)


Religio
Evangeliismo • katolikismo • protestantismo
Portretoj de Ĉoktaoj

La Ĉoktaoj (alternative Ĉahta, Ĉaktas, Ĉato, Ĉaktaoj, Ĉocktavoj, kaj Ĉactavoj) estas nacio de Usonaj Indianoj origine el Sudorienta Usono (Misisipio, Florido, Alabamo kaj Luiziano). La Ĉakta lingvo apartenas al la grupo de Muskogeana lingvaro. La fama antropologo de la 20a jarcento nome John Swanton sugestis, ke tiu nome devenas el ĉoktaa estro.[1] La historiisto Henry Halbert sugestis, ke ties nomo devenas el ĉoktaa frazo Haĉa hatak (rivera popolo).[2]

Referencoj

  1. ↑ Swanton, John. [1931] (2001) Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians. The University of Alabama Press, p. 29. ISBN 0817311092.
  2. ↑ O'Brien, Greg. [2002, 2005] (2005) “The Multiethnic Confederacy”, Choctaws in a Revolutionary Age, 1750-1830. University of Nebraska Press, p. 21. ISBN 0803286228.

Literaturo

  • Alan, Gallay. "The Indian Slave Trade, The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717". ISBN 9780300101935.
  • Akers, Donna L. Living in the Land of Death: The Choctaw Nation, 1830-1860, Lansing: Michigan State University, 2004.
  • Bartram, William. Travels Through...Country of the Chactaws..., Florida: printed by James & Johnson, 1791.
  • Belue, Ted Franklin. "Long Hunt, Death of the Buffalo East of the Mississippi".ISBN 081170968X.
  • Bushnell, David I. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 48: The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1909.
  • Byington, Cyrus. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 46: A Dictionary of the Choctaw Language. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1915.
  • Carson, James Taylor. Searching for the Bright Path: The Mississippi Choctaws from Prehistory to Removal. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
  • Clarke, Hewitt. Thunder At Meridian, Lone Star Press, Spring, Texas, 1995.
  • Cushman, H. B., History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Natchez Indians. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1899,1962,1999. ISBN 0-8061-3127-6.
  • Galloway, Patricia (1998). Choctaw Genesis 1500-1700 Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7070-4.
  • Haag, Marcia and Henry Willis. Choctaw Language & Culture: Chahta Anumpa. Norman, Okla: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
  • Hurley, Patrick J.(1883). National Atty. for Choctaw Nation "Choctaw Citizenship Litigation.
  • Jimmie, Randy and Jimmie, Leonard. NANIH WAIYA Magazine, 1974, Vol I, Number 3.
  • Kidwell, Clara Sue. Choctaws and Missionaries in Mississippi, 1818-1918. University of Oklahoma Press: Norman and London, 1995.
  • Kidwell, Clara Sue. The Choctaws in Oklahoma: From Tribe to Nation, 1855-1970 2007.
  • Lambert, Valerie. Choctaw Nation: A Story of American Indian Resurgence. U. of Nebraska Press, 2007.
  • Lincecum, Gideon. Pushmataha: A Choctaw Leader and His People. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004.
  • Lincecum, Gideon. Traditional History of the Chahta Nation, Translated from the Chahta by Gideon Lincecum, 1861. University of Texas Library, March 1932.
  • Mihesuah, Devon Abbott. Choctaw Crime and Punishment, 1884-1907 (2009)
  • Morrison, James D. The Social History of the Choctaw Nation, 1865-1907. Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, Durant, OK: Creative Infomatics, Inc., 1987.
  • Mould, Tom. Choctaw Tales. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2004. ISBN 1-57806-683-2.
  • O'Brien, Greg. Choctaws in a Revolutionary Age, 1750-1830. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
  • O'Brien, Greg, ed. Pre-removal Choctaw History: Exploring New Paths. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008.
  • O'Brien, Greg. "Mushulatubbee and Choctaw Removal: Chiefs Confront a Changing World Arkivigite je 2009-02-11 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine." 2001.
  • O'Brien, Greg. "Pushmataha: Choctaw Warrior, Diplomat, and Chief. Arkivigite je 2009-01-14 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine" 2001.
  • Pesantubbee, Michelene E. Choctaw Women in a Chaotic World: The Clash of Cultures in the Colonial Southeast. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 2005.
  • Swanton, John Reed. (1922) "Early History of the Creek Indians and their neighbors". ISBN 1436827434
  • Swanton, John R. Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians. Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1109-2.
  • Tingle, Tim. Walking the Choctaw Road. El Paso, Tex: Cinco Puntos Press, 2003.
  • Wells, Samuel J., and Tubby, Roseanna (Editors). After Removal, The Choctaw in Mississippi. Jackson and London: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. ISBN 0-87805-289-5.
  • Wilson,Gustavus James Nash. "The early history of Jackson County 2009. ISBN 0217627145.
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