Cap-independent Translation Element

Ein Cap-independent Translation Element (CITE oder 3'CITE, zu deutsch Cap-Struktur-unabhängiges Translationselement) ist eine bestimmte RNA-Sequenz in der 3'UTR von einigen pflanzenpathogenen RNA-Viren.

Eigenschaften

In Eukaryoten dient die Cap-Struktur am 5'-Ende der mRNA der Einleitung der Proteinbiosynthese. In manchen RNA-Viren kommen alternative Mechanismen vor, z. B. IRES oder CITE.[1] Durch die alternativen Mechanismen werden entweder die 60S-Untereinheit des Ribosoms oder Translations-Initiationsfaktoren (z. B. eIF4E)[2] gebunden.[3] Das CITE in manchen Viren führt zu einer Annäherung des 5'- und des 3'-UTRs.[4]

In der RNA2 des red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) ist das CITE zudem essentiell für die Replikation der viralen RNA negativer Polarität.[5]

CITE können nach ihrem Aufbau in verschiedene Typen eingeteilt werden:[1][3]

Struktur	Beispiel
TED (translation enhancer domain)	Satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV)[6]
BTE (BYDV-like translation element)	Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)[7]
PTE (PMV-like translation element)	Hirse-Mosaik-Virus (en. Panicum mosaic virus, PMV)
TSS (T-shaped structure, ‚T-förmige Struktur‘)	Turnip crinkle virus (TCV)[8]
Y-förmig	Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV)
I-förmig	Maize necrotic streak virus (MNeSV)

Literatur

BL Nicholson, O. Zaslaver, L.K. Mayberry, K.S. Browning, K.A. White: Tombusvirus Y-Shaped Translational Enhancer Forms a Complex with eIF4F and Can Be Functionally Replaced by Heterologous Translational Enhancers. In: Journal of Virology. 87. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, Februar 2013, S. 1872–83, doi:10.1128/JVI.02711-12, PMID 23192876.

Einzelnachweise

W.A. Miller, Z. Wang, K. Treder: The amazing diversity of cap-independent translation elements in the 3'-untranslated regions of plant viral RNAs. In: Biochemical Society Transactions. 35. Jahrgang, Dezember 2007, S. 1629–33, doi:10.1042/BST0351629, PMID 18031280, PMC 3081161 (freier Volltext).
Z. Wang, M. Parisien, K. Scheets, W. A. Miller: The cap-binding translation initiation factor, eIF4E, binds a pseudoknot in a viral cap-independent translation element. In: Structure (London, England : 1993). Band 19, Nummer 6, Juni 2011, ISSN 1878-4186, S. 868–880, doi:10.1016/j.str.2011.03.013, PMID 21645857, PMC 3113551 (freier Volltext).
B. L. Nicholson, K.A. White: 3' Cap-independent translation enhancers of positive-strand RNA plant viruses. In: Current Opinion in Virology. 1. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, November 2011, S. 373–80, doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.002, PMID 22440838.
R. Shen, A. M. Rakotondrafara, W. A. Miller: trans regulation of cap-independent translation by a viral subgenomic RNA. In: Journal of virology. Band 80, Nummer 20, Oktober 2006, ISSN 0022-538X, S. 10045–10054, doi:10.1128/JVI.00991-06, PMID 17005682, PMC 1617300 (freier Volltext).
M. An, H.O. Iwakawa, A. Mine, M. Kaido, K. Mise, T. Okuno: A Y-shaped RNA structure in the 3' untranslated region together with the trans-activator and core promoter of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus RNA2 is required for its negative-strand RNA synthesis. In: Virology. 405. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 15. September 2010, S. 100–109, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.022, PMID 20561661.
R. Shen, W. A. Miller: Structures required for poly(A) tail-independent translation overlap with, but are distinct from, cap-independent translation and RNA replication signals at the 3' end of Tobacco necrosis virus RNA. In: Virology. Band 358, Nummer 2, Februar 2007, ISSN 0042-6822, S. 448–458, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.054, PMID 17023016, PMC 1995077 (freier Volltext).
N. M. Salem, W. A. Miller, A. Rowhani, D. A. Golino, A. L. Moyne, B. W. Falk: Rose spring dwarf-associated virus has RNA structural and gene-expression features like those of Barley yellow dwarf virus. In: Virology. Band 375, Nummer 2, Juni 2008, ISSN 0042-6822, S. 354–360, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.01.035, PMID 18329064.
X. Zuo, J. Wang, P. Yu, D. Eyler, H. Xu, M. R. Starich, D. M. Tiede, A. E. Simon, W. Kasprzak, C. D. Schwieters, B. A. Shapiro, Y. X. Wang: Solution structure of the cap-independent translational enhancer and ribosome-binding element in the 3' UTR of turnip crinkle virus. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Band 107, Nummer 4, Januar 2010, ISSN 1091-6490, S. 1385–1390, doi:10.1073/pnas.0908140107, PMID 20080629, PMC 2803139 (freier Volltext).

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[a1-1] W.A. Miller, Z. Wang, K. Treder: The amazing diversity of cap-independent translation elements in the 3'-untranslated regions of plant viral RNAs. In: Biochemical Society Transactions. 35. Jahrgang, Dezember 2007, S. 1629–33, doi:10.1042/BST0351629, PMID 18031280, PMC 3081161 (freier Volltext).

[2] Z. Wang, M. Parisien, K. Scheets, W. A. Miller: The cap-binding translation initiation factor, eIF4E, binds a pseudoknot in a viral cap-independent translation element. In: Structure (London, England : 1993). Band 19, Nummer 6, Juni 2011, ISSN 1878-4186, S. 868–880, doi:10.1016/j.str.2011.03.013, PMID 21645857, PMC 3113551 (freier Volltext).

[a2-3] B. L. Nicholson, K.A. White: 3' Cap-independent translation enhancers of positive-strand RNA plant viruses. In: Current Opinion in Virology. 1. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, November 2011, S. 373–80, doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.002, PMID 22440838.

[4] R. Shen, A. M. Rakotondrafara, W. A. Miller: trans regulation of cap-independent translation by a viral subgenomic RNA. In: Journal of virology. Band 80, Nummer 20, Oktober 2006, ISSN 0022-538X, S. 10045–10054, doi:10.1128/JVI.00991-06, PMID 17005682, PMC 1617300 (freier Volltext).

[5] M. An, H.O. Iwakawa, A. Mine, M. Kaido, K. Mise, T. Okuno: A Y-shaped RNA structure in the 3' untranslated region together with the trans-activator and core promoter of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus RNA2 is required for its negative-strand RNA synthesis. In: Virology. 405. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 15. September 2010, S. 100–109, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.022, PMID 20561661.

[6] R. Shen, W. A. Miller: Structures required for poly(A) tail-independent translation overlap with, but are distinct from, cap-independent translation and RNA replication signals at the 3' end of Tobacco necrosis virus RNA. In: Virology. Band 358, Nummer 2, Februar 2007, ISSN 0042-6822, S. 448–458, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.054, PMID 17023016, PMC 1995077 (freier Volltext).

[7] N. M. Salem, W. A. Miller, A. Rowhani, D. A. Golino, A. L. Moyne, B. W. Falk: Rose spring dwarf-associated virus has RNA structural and gene-expression features like those of Barley yellow dwarf virus. In: Virology. Band 375, Nummer 2, Juni 2008, ISSN 0042-6822, S. 354–360, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.01.035, PMID 18329064.

[8] X. Zuo, J. Wang, P. Yu, D. Eyler, H. Xu, M. R. Starich, D. M. Tiede, A. E. Simon, W. Kasprzak, C. D. Schwieters, B. A. Shapiro, Y. X. Wang: Solution structure of the cap-independent translational enhancer and ribosome-binding element in the 3' UTR of turnip crinkle virus. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Band 107, Nummer 4, Januar 2010, ISSN 1091-6490, S. 1385–1390, doi:10.1073/pnas.0908140107, PMID 20080629, PMC 2803139 (freier Volltext).