ছয় দিনের যুদ্ধ
ছয় দিনের যুদ্ধ (হিব্রু: מלחמת ששת הימים, Milhemet Sheshet Ha Yamim; আরবি: النكسة, an-Naksah, "The Setback" or حرب ۱۹٦۷, Ḥarb 1967, "War of 1967") ১৯৬৭ সালের ৫ থেকে ১০ জুন পর্যন্ত ইসরায়েল এবং মিশর (এসময় ইউনাইটেড আরব রিপাবলিক নামে পরিচিত ছিল), জর্ডান ও সিরিয়ার মধ্যে সংঘটিত হয়। একে জুন যুদ্ধ, ১৯৬৭ আরব-ইসরায়েলি যুদ্ধ বা তৃতীয় আরব-ইসরায়েলি যুদ্ধও বলা হয়। সিনাই উপদ্বীপে ইসরায়েলি সীমান্তে মিশরের সেনা সমাবেশের পর ৫ জুন মিশরীয় বিমানক্ষেত্রে ইসরায়েলের অতর্কিত হামলার মাধ্যমে এই যুদ্ধ শুরু হয়।
যুদ্ধের পূর্বে বেশ উত্তেজনাকর অবস্থা বিরাজ করছিল। ইসরায়েলি লক্ষ্যবস্তুতে পিএলও এর হামলার প্রতিক্রিয়ায়[16][17][18] ইসরায়েল জর্ডান নিয়ন্ত্রিত পশ্চিম তীর আক্রমণ করে[19][20] এবং সিরিয়ার বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই শুরু করে। সিরিয়ান অঞ্চলে বিমান যুদ্ধের পর তার সমাপ্তি হয়।[21] গোলান মালভূমিতে সিরিয়ান অবস্থানে ইসরায়েলি পদক্ষেপ, সিরিয়ান সীমান্তে ইসরায়েলি হামলা বৃদ্ধির আশঙ্কা এবং মিশরের তিরান প্রণালী অবরোধ, ইসরায়েলি সীমান্তে এর সেনা মোতায়েন ও সিনাই উপদ্বীপ থেকে জাতিসংঘের বাহিনী সরিয়ে নেয়ার নির্দেশের পর সিরিয়ান গোলন্দাজরা সীমান্তবর্তী ইসরায়েলি বসতিতে হামলা চালায়।[22][23][24][25] ছয়দিন পর ইসরায়েলি স্থল যুদ্ধে চূড়ান্ত জয়লাভ করে। ইসরায়েলি বাহিনী মিশরের কাছ থেকে গাজা ভূখণ্ড ও সিনাই উপদ্বীপ, জর্ডানের কাছ থেকে পশ্চিম তীর ও পূর্ব জেরুজালেম এবং সিরিয়ার কাছ থেকে গোলান মালভূমি ছিনিয়ে নেয়।
আরও দেখুন
- আরব-ইসরায়েলি যুদ্ধ (১৯৪৮)
- ১৯৪৯ যুদ্ধবিরতি চুক্তি
- খার্তুম সমাধান
- মধ্যপ্রাচ্যে আধুনিক সংঘাতের তালিকা
- সুয়েজ সংকট
- ইয়ম কিপুর যুদ্ধ (অক্টোবর যুদ্ধ বলেও পরিচিত)
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ব্যক্তি
- জামাল আবদেল নাসের, মিশরের রাষ্ট্রপতি
- হাফিজ আল আসাদ, সিরিয়ান প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রী
- লিওনিদ ব্রেজনেভ, সোভিয়েত নেতা
- মোশে দায়ান, ইসরায়েলি প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রী
- আবা ইবান, ইসরায়েলি পররাষ্ট্রমন্ত্রী
- লেভি ইশকোল, ইসরায়েলি প্রধানমন্ত্রী
- রাজা হুসাইন, জর্ডানের রাজা
- লিন্ডন বি. জনসন, যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের রাষ্ট্রপতি
- রবার্ট ম্যাকনামারা, যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রী
- উ থান্ট, জাতিসংঘের মহাসচিব
টীকা
1. ^ Photograph:
- It was twenty minutes after the capture of the Western Wall that David Rubinger shot his "signature" photograph of three Israeli paratroopers gazing in wonder up at the wall [Kaniuk, Yoram। "June 10, 1967 – Israeli paratroopers reach the Western Wall"। The Digital Journalist। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ডিসেম্বর ২, ২০০৮।]. As part of the terms for his access to the front lines, Rubinger handed the negatives to the Israeli government, who then distributed this image widely. Although he was displeased with the violation of his copyright, the widespread use of his photo made it famous [Silver, Eric (ফেব্রুয়ারি ১৬, ২০০৬)। "David Rubinger in the picture"। The Jewish Chronicle। সংগ্রহের তারিখ জুলাই ১৭, ২০১০।], and it is now considered a defining image of the conflict and one of the best-known in the history of Israel [Urquhart, Conal (মে ৬, ২০০৭)। "Six days in June"। The Observer। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ডিসেম্বর ২, ২০০৮।]
3.^ Both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country.
- Gideon Rafael [Israeli Ambassador to the UN] received a message from the Israeli foreign office: "Inform immediately the President of the Sec. Co. that Israel is now engaged in repelling Egyptian land and air forces." At 3:10 am, Rafael woke ambassador Hans Tabor, the Danish President of the Security Council for June, with the news that Egyptian forces had "moved against Israel". Bailey 1990, p. 225.
- [At Security Council meeting of June 5], both Israel and Egypt claimed to be repelling an invasion by the other. Bailey 1990, p. 225.
- "Egyptian sources claimed that Israel had initiated hostilities [...] but Israeli officials – Eban and Evron – swore that Egypt had fired first" Oren 2002, p. 196).
- "Gideon Rafael phoned Danish ambassador Hans Tabor, Security Council president for the month of June, and informed him that Israel was responding to a 'cowardly and treacherous' attack from Egypt..." Oren, p. 198.
4. ^ Lenczowski 1990, p. 105–115, Citing Moshe Dayan, Story of My Life, and Nadav Safran, From War to War: The Arab–Israeli Confrontation, 1948–1967, p. 375
Israel clearly did not want the US government to know too much about its dispositions for attacking Syria, initially planned for June 8, but postponed for 24 hours. It should be pointed out that the attack on the Liberty occurred on June 8, whereas on June 9 at 3 am, Syria announced its acceptance of the cease-fire. Despite this, at 7 am, that is, four hours later, Israel's minister of defense, Moshe Dayan, "gave the order to go into action against Syria."
পাদটীকা
- Krauthammer 2007.
- "Pakistani Pilots in Arab Israel War"। Opinion Maker। ২০১৩-০৫-১২ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৩-০৫-১৩।
- Tucker 2004, p. 176.
- Gawrych 2000, p. 3
- Zaloga, Steven (1981). Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948-78 (Vanguard). Osprey Publishing.
- Warfare since the Second World War, By Klaus Jürgen Gantzel, Torsten Schwinghammer, p. 253
- Wars in the Third World since 1945, (NY 1991) Guy Arnold
- Gerhard, William D.; Millington, Henry W. (1981). "Attack on a SIGINT Collector, the USS Liberty" (PDF). NSA History Report, U.S. Cryptologic History series. National Security Agency. partially declassified 1999, 2003.
- Both USA and Israel officially attributed the USS Liberty incident as being due to mistaken identification.
- Israel, Army and defense - A dictionary, Zeev Schiff & Eitan Haber, editors, Zmora, Bitan, Modan, 1976, Tel Aviv Hebrew
- Rubin, Barry M. (১৯৯৪)। Revolution Until Victory?: The Politics and History of the PLO। Harvard University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 11। আইএসবিএন 9780674768031।
- Middle East: Incident at Samu ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ২৭ আগস্ট ২০১৩ তারিখে, Time, Nov. 25, 1966
- Tessler, Mark (১৯৯৪)। A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict। John Wiley & Sons। পৃষ্ঠা 378। আইএসবিএন 0253208734।
Towards the War of June 1967: Growing tensions in the region were clearly visible long before Israel's November attack on Samu and two other West Bank towns. An escalating spiral of raid and retaliation had already been set in motion...
- Shemesh, Moshe (২০০৭)। Arab Politics, Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War: The Crystallization of Arab Strategy and Nasir's Descent to War, 1957–1967। Sussex Academic Press। পৃষ্ঠা 118। আইএসবিএন 1845191889।
The Jordanian leadership's appraisal of the repercussions of the Samu' raid was a major factor in King Husayn's decision to join Nasir's war chariot by signing a joint defense pact with Egypt on May 30, 1967. This was the determining factor for Jordan's participation in the war that would soon break out.... Convinced after the Samu' raid that Israel's strategic goal was the West Bank, Husayn allied himself to Nasir out of a genuine fear that, in a comprehensive war, Israel would invade the West Bank whether or not Jordan was an active participant.
- Maoz, Zeev (২০০৯)। Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security and Foreign Policy। The University of Michigan Press। পৃষ্ঠা 242। আইএসবিএন 0472033417।
- Maoz, Zeev (২০০৯)। Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security and Foreign Policy। The University of Michigan Press। পৃষ্ঠা 84। আইএসবিএন 0472033417।
By the fall of 1966 and spring of 1967, things seemed to be getting out of hand. Israeli-initiated encroachments into the demilitarized zones (DMZ) along the Syrian border became more frequent and intense. Israeli leaders made repeated statements to the effect that the Syrian regime was directly responsible for the border clashes and that Israel may act directly against the Syrian regime
- The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and ... - Google ספרים। Books.google.co.il। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৩-০৫-১৩।
- Bar-On, Mordechai (২০০৪)। A Never-Ending Conflict: A Guide To Israeli Military History। Greenwood Publishing Group। পৃষ্ঠা 181। আইএসবিএন 0275981584।
- Shlaim, Avi (২০১২)। The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 106। আইএসবিএন 9781107002364।
Nasser responded by taking three successive steps that made war virtually inevitable: he deployed his troops in Sinai near Israel's border on 14 May; expelled the UNEF from the Gaza Strip and Sinai on 19 May; and closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping on 22 May.
- Elie Podeh; Onn Winckler (১ ডিসেম্বর ২০০৪)। Rethinking Nasserism: Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt। University Press of Florida। পৃষ্ঠা 105, 106। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8130-3137-8।
the prominent historian and commentator Abd al-Azim Ramadan, In a series of articles published in AlWafd, subsequently compiled in a hook published in 2000, Ramadan criticized the Nasser cult, …. The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, as other events during Nasser’s rule, Ramadan wrote, showed Nasser to be far from a rational, responsible leader. … His decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone, made without political or military consultation. … The source of all this evil. Ramadan noted, was Nasser’s inclination to solitary decision making… the revolutionary regime led by the same individual—Nasser— repeated its mistakes when it decided to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967. Both decisions led to a state of war with Israel, despite the lack of military preparedness
- Elie Podeh; Onn Winckler (১ ডিসেম্বর ২০০৪)। Rethinking Nasserism: Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt। University Press of Florida। পৃষ্ঠা 110, 111। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8130-3137-8।
The most outstanding exponent of the Nasserist narrative was Muhammad Hasanayn Haykal, who also embodied the revolutionary heritage personally as Nasser’s closest aid and the editor in chief of the state-sponsored dailies Al-Akhbar and Al-Ahram…. Haykal acknowledged that Nasser had erred in various fields, noting that he had admitted, for example, his responsibility for the military defeat in the June 1967 War
- Shlaim (২০০০)। The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World। পৃষ্ঠা 243–244।
In May–June 1967 Eshkol's government did everything in its power to confine the confrontation to the Egyptian front. Eshkol and his colleagues took into account the possibility of some fighting on the Syrian front. But they wanted to avoid having a clash with Jordan and the inevitable complications of having to deal with the predominantly Palestinian population of the West Bank. The fighting on the eastern front was initiated by Jordan, not by Israel. King Hussein got carried along by a powerful current of Arab nationalism. On May 30 he flew to Cairo and signed a defense pact with Nasser. On June 5, Jordan started shelling the Israeli side in Jerusalem. This could have been interpreted either as a salvo to uphold Jordanian honour or as a declaration of war. Eshkol decided to give King Hussein the benefit of the doubt. Through General Odd Bull, the Norwegian commander of UNTSO, he sent the following message the morning of June 5: "We shall not initiate any action whatsoever against Jordan. However, should Jordan open hostilities, we shall react with all our might, and the king will have to bear the full responsibility of the consequences." King Hussein told General Bull that it was too late; the die was cast.
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|তারিখ=
(সাহায্য) আইএসবিএন ০-৩৯৩-০৪৮১৬-০ - Shlaim, Avi (2007) Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace Vintage Books আইএসবিএন ৯৭৮-১-৪০০০-৭৮২৮-৮
- Shlaim, Avi; Louis,William Roger (13 February 2012) ,The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences, Cambridge University Press,isbn=978-1-107-00236-4
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- Stein, Janice Gross. (1991). The Arab-Israeli War of 1967: Inadvertent War Through Miscalculated Escalation, in Avoiding War: Problems of Crisis Management, Alexander L. George, ed. Boulder: Westview Press.
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- Finkelstein, Norman (২০০৩)। Image and reality of the Israel-Palestine conflict। Verso। আইএসবিএন 1-85984-442-1
আরও পড়ুন
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- Cristol, A Jay (2002). Liberty Incident: The 1967 Israeli Attack on the U.S. Navy Spy Ship. Brassey's. আইএসবিএন ১-৫৭৪৮৮-৫৩৬-৭
- Gat, Moshe (2003). Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East, 1964–1967: The Coming of the Six-Day War. Praeger/Greenwood. আইএসবিএন ০-২৭৫-৯৭৫১৪-২
- Hammel, Eric (অক্টোবর ২০০২)। "Sinai air strike: June 5, 1967"। Military Heritage। 4 (2): 68–73।
- Hopwood, Derek (1991). Egypt: Politics and Society. London: Routledge. আইএসবিএন ০-৪১৫-০৯৪৩২-১
- Hussein of Jordan (1969). My "War" with Israel. London: Peter Owen. আইএসবিএন ০-৭২০৬-০৩১০-২
- Katz, Samuel M. (1991) Israel's Air Force; The Power Series. Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers, Osceola, WI.
- Makiya, Kanan (1998). Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq. University of California Press. আইএসবিএন ০-৫২০-২১৪৩৯-০
- Morris, Benny (1997). Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956. Oxford: Oxford University Press. আইএসবিএন ০-১৯-৮২৯২৬২-৭
- Pressfield, Steven (2014). The Lion's Gate: On the Front Lines of the Six Day War. Sentinel HC, 2014. আইএসবিএন ১৫৯৫২৩০৯১২
- Rezun, Miron (1990). Iran and Afghanistan. In A. Kapur (Ed.). Diplomatic Ideas and Practices of Asian States (pp. 9–25). Brill Academic Publishers. আইএসবিএন ৯০-০৪-০৯২৮৯-৭
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বহিঃসংযোগ
- The Photograph: A Search for June 1967. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- The three soldiers – background to that photograph
- Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline
- ইউটিউবে Video Clip: Sandhurst military historian analysing how King Hussein became involved in the Six Day War.
- ইউটিউবে Video Clip: Analysis of Israel's Sinai Campaign in 1967 by Sandhurst military historian.
- ইউটিউবে Video Clip: Military analysis of the attack on Jerusalem and the Jordanian defence.
- Six-Day War ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ১৭ মে ২০০৮ তারিখে Encyclopaedia of the Orient
- All State Department documents related to the crisis
- Letters from David Ben-Gurion on the Six-Day War ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ২৪ আগস্ট ২০১৩ তারিখে Shapell Manuscript Foundation
- UN Resolution 242. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- The status of Jerusalem, United Nations, New York, 1997 (Prepared for, and under the guidance of, the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People). Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- Status of Jerusalem: Legal Aspects. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
- Legal Aspects The Six Day War – June 1967 and Its Aftermath – Professor Gerald Adler
- General Uzi Narkiss ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ১০ অক্টোবর ২০১৭ তারিখে – A historic radio interview with General Uzi Narkiss taken on June 7 – one day after the Six-Day War, describing the battle for Jerusalem
- Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ১ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৬ তারিখে – Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio, June 7, 1967. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- How The USSR Planned To Destroy Israel in 1967 by Isabella Ginor. Published by Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) Journal Volume 7, Number 3 (September 2003)
- Position of Arab forces May 1967. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
টেমপ্লেট:Arab-Israeli Conflict