고구려어
Faláu en
Faláu en Goguryeo
Númberu de falantes
Datos
Familia llingües coreániques
Sistema d'escritura valor desconocíu
Códigos
ISO 639-3 zkg
Cambiar los datos en Wikidata

L'idioma de Goguryeo foi faláu nel antiguu reinu de Goguryeo (37 BCAD 668), unu de los Tres Reinos de Corea. Esta llingua conozse tamién como goguryeo o Goguryano.

Clasificación

Esisten delles hipótesis sobre la clasificación de la llingua, pero toos elles son aldericaes y considérase un problema abiertu.[1]

La llingua namái se conoz por unes poques pallabres, la mayoría de les cualos suxuren que se trata d'una llingua emparentada col Silla ya influyida de la mesma poles llingües tunguses. Otros autores partidarios de la hipótesis altaica suelen clasificar a la llingua de Goguryeo dientro de la familia altaica. La mayoría d'especialistes koreanos consideren que la llingua de Goguryeo taba emparentada coles llingües altaiques. Amás atopáronse fuertes similaridades ente les llingües falaes en Baekje y en Goguryeo, lo cual ye consistente coles lleendes que describen Baekje como un reinu fundáu polos fíos del fundador del reinu de Goguryeo. Los nomes en Goguryano pa diversos puestos de l'alministración son en gran midida similares a los de Baekje y Silla.

Llingües fuyu

Dellos autores propunxeron la llamada familia fuyu qu'incluyiría a les llingües de los estaos de Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje según el xaponés antiguu. Los documentos chinos suxuren que les llingües de Goguryeo, Buyeo, Okjeo oriental y Gojoseon yeren similares, anque la llingua de Goguryeo difería significantivamente de la de Malgal (Mohe). Dellos autores indiquen que los idiomes de Goguryeo, Baekje y Silla, similares ente sigo (posiblemente dialeutos) podríen ser antecesores del idioma coreanu. Otros sostienen que sería antecesor del idioma xaponés. [2][3][4]

Comparanza léxica

Del idioma de Goguryeo apenes se conoz. Tan solo hai disponible una llista de topónimos y pallabres, de les cualos la so pronunciación tampoco se conoz con exactitú. La tabla siguiente compara la pronunciación figurada de dichos términos, con otros idiomes orientales:

Términu Goguryeo Llingües túrquiques Mongol Xaponés antiguu Xaponés Baekje Silla Coreanu mediu Coreanu Idiomes tunguses Jurchen Manchú Evenki
君主kʌi / kai(皆)
kai-sɐ(皆次)
qaγan(可汗)
kagan
kaγan(可汗)ki1el mio1("king, emperor, monarch")kimi("you")ka(瑕)
kisi(吉支)
nirimɯ(君)
kan(干)
kɯm(今)
kahan
kɯi긔(王)
nim kɯm
nim kɯm
******han***
善射jumong,chumo
(朱蒙,鄒牟)
***jəmə("noted bow"),
Jobe-Mergen
tomo("shooter's tool")
tomu("friend, follower")
tama("excellent,important,soul")
tuma("tip")
tomoe(emblem of tomu)
tomu-
tama
tsume("nail,claw")
******************jolin-manga ,
julil-muəl(卓琳莽阿)
***
so(蘇)
sol(召尸, silver)
************so
(所)
so 素 ("gold")***sö("metal")
söh 쇳
******sele("iron")
šun("sun")
sigūn("sun")
nəi-miuət/namer
(乃勿)
******namarinamari*******namɔrnap/납************
復舊土ta mul(多勿)******tabi (度:time; whenever)tabi/tambitamlo******taɕi ("again")
tø- ("re-")
tam
******tabu-(to divide,to tear)***
北(背後)je(提)
jwat(絶)
椽那部,提那部,絶奴部,後部
arka("back")hoina (布里亚特语 huainə)
utara
umara
tʃy("back")se("back,height")******tuihtui
("back, behind")
xama***amargi
amasi("back")
***
南(前方)kuan(灌)
(灌奴部)
kuzey,Ön(front)***kaɸo("face")
kan-(予:"pre-")
kao("look, face")
kana-(叶:to serve,to get one's wish)
久知下(kujiha)******kət("surface, look")******julergi***
東(左)źwən,sun(順),
(順奴部)
doğo,sol(left)źeü ,
źegün
a-dʒuma/a-duma("east")azuma得安(dɯkan)******ön("left")
sae("east")
źun***dergijun
jəgin("left")
西(右)yən (涓),
(涓奴部)
batıürüne ,
barun
yo-(善:"good")
yá-(否:"non,foul")
yo-/i-("good,correct,suitable,agreeable")
iya/yá-(disagreeable)
*********orɯn("right")
parɯn("right")
hanɯi(west)
xangid***wargianŋū(right)
***tašcilaɣo(n) (古蒙古语)
culuu (喀尔喀蒙古)
šuluu(n) (布里亚特语)
isiishiturak(珍惡)***tōlhtōl******tahan("steppingstones")***
巌,峴,岑pa-・ιəi,pua-・ιəi*pàI,pa'i /pua-斤ei,*paxe
巴衣,波衣,波兮
******iɸa / iɸaɸo
(probably unrelated)
iwao ("great rock, bedrock")******pahoy(巌)巴衣,바회pawipax(石・崖)
(尼夫赫语)
***wehe***
土地non
内/奴~弩/悩
nori
奴閭
***ńurūnu/non(野"land")nonnonnu¨~nu¨ri/nε (世)***nurina (土地)nana(土地),noro(-n)***
(nua) > na / non
內,那,奴,惱
ra(羅)
iliulus(<*hulu-s<* bulu-s)nu/na(奴)***puri (夫里)***narahnaraguru-n(< * buru-n)guru-n(< * buru-n)gurun***
hol / holo
(忽)
kuru / kolo (溝婁,屈, 骨)
qol-γanküri-yen 'fence, hedge, device',/qol-γankoɸori (郡)kōri*********koɯl (邑, 郡)
kol
kur ~kur ~kuran***kuran~ kuren (城, 柵:"castle, citadl")
golo(省:province)
***
kabəl 加火******kaɸis-("middle, help")
kaɸi("egg,result,worth")
kais-
kai
******kaβɔn
가ㅸㄴ
kaun(-de)
-gaus/-aus 가웃/아웃("half")
************
最大māk (莫)
ma(馬)
makhara(莫何邏)
莫何邏繡支,莫何何羅支
******ma-(prefix to mean "real/great/true/perfect")
makana-(truly beloved)
ma-ma******mal-말
mad 맏("first;eldest;oldest")
maŋga ("strong")***maŋga ("difficult; tough, strong; somewhat more, somewhat better")maŋa ("strong")
主事者makhaharaji
(莫何何羅支/太大兄)
~ji("guy")
******ma-
kakaɸo-(undertake, be under orders,hold)>*kagaɸo-
toto/titi(father)
dʒidʒi("old guy,grandfather")
ma-
kakaer-(hold)
clica
jiji/ji-
***kakgan
(角干)
mad
hal-
~ji("guy")
mad
hal-
~ji("guy")
************
首領makli-ji(莫離支)
~ji("guy")
baš(head)***ma-
kur-i("to command, to manage")
dʒi("old guy,grandfather")
ma-
kuri-(繰)
ji
***malip-kan(麻立干)
hasə(河西)
(mari)
maruha(瑪樓下,抹樓下)
məri(head)
~ji("guy")
maru("ridge")
************
süni (首泥)******so1ra ("sky; tip, top, above (the trees, etc.)")sora("sky")******sunɯrk 수늙suri 수리 ("top of the head")******šun("sun")
sukdun("air")
***
dat/§ap (or tar)
(達)
******taka-/daka-("high")taka-/daka達率***************dean ("high")
dekde- ("to rise")
***
tara / tal (達)
taγ("mountain")aɣula(n) (古蒙古语)
ūl (喀尔喀蒙古)
ūla (布里亚特语)
aulə(达斡尔语)
tara(多羅)
yama(山)/mure(山)/mori(森)
yama***督 tɔrɔ(山),
tara(多禮,多羅)
(土地)
moyh(山)me-뫼
tang,tal(土地)
tuk(丘)
orɯm (济州方言)
******alin
balta(田地)
mulu("ridge of mountain")
***
el to (吐)
töpü***take2(岳)
tutu-el mio
tum-(to stack,to pile,to gather)
take
tsutsumi
tsum-
*********언덕 əntək
둑 tuk(堤)
******do-("to stop")***
樹木kιənul / naro?
(斤乙)
i¨("forest")/i¨γac(树)***ki2 / ke2 ~ ko2kunu-ki(a kind of oak) ki
kunu-gi
******斤:nal(訓)/kɯn근kɯru 그루 ("stump; unit for counting trees")
namu 나무 (树、树木)
************
el mio (米)
mai,mie,moru(買,模盧)
***mören(江, 海)
müren (沐漣) /moron (木連) (Khitanese)
el mio1du/el mio1/el mio1n-mizuel mio(彌)***mɨlmulmumu 沒mukemū("water")
泉(井)əɯl(於乙):井
iri(伊梨):泉
bul-a-q/bul-a-γ(喷泉、泉水)ɯs (水"water")wi (井、水库、灌溉水塘)i***ɯl(乙)umɯl ("well")umul ("well")eri~erri(小河、川)
(尼夫赫语)
***üla (大河、江)***
池沼nemi / naymi
(内米)
***namug ("marsh, swamp") ? nami1 ("wave")namiel mio(r)ji
(蜜地,彌知)
****** ? nɛnmul ("stream")
mos 못 ("pond")
nɯpʰ 늪 ("swamp")
namu, lamu ("sía, ocean; lake" 海)***mūsa ("swamp")***
kur(屈)
na(那)
köl("lake")***kaɸakawanari(那利)
久麻那利
***kɔrɔm 가람
nāyh 냏,내
karam 가람
nɛː
******ula***
padal
(波旦)
******watawada-tsu-el mio("The god of Sía")***波珍 padɔlpadah~parʌlpada 바다***namunamu***
huət-ts‘ii/ku ërtsi/k útsi< *kutui, >* kolci/ko-ts‘ii
(忽次/古次/串)
***훌츠qurc(喀尔喀蒙古)("skewer, spit" 串)kutu~kuti/kuti < *kutuikuchi******koj 곶 ("skewer, spit; promontory" 串)kulrε (Jeju dialect)
kul (South Jeolla dialect)
************
進入・ιi/*i
(伊)
***ire-
dir- 进入dir-******ip(口)/ip(門戸)dir-(to arrive; to come)
ip
i-(入)***ibe-("to get foward")***
ʃιəo/*sü
******zu("new, present, developing,a gleam")
suga-("fresh")
suga-suga-s-***saysay (새)sɛ***icheice***
ʃιəo/*sü
******usiushi******ʃyo/쇼so******exa("castrated cow")***
o-sie/o-s^i¨ʌŋ
烏斯/烏生
*doŋuz > domuz***usi ("ox; cattle")
wi ("swine")
****o-nʲi
(猪耳)
***totʰtwɛːji, toyaji(dialect), tochi(dialect)******ulgiyan("pig")
ulha("domestic animal")
***
鹿kosya
(古斯也)
******kuzikashika*********korani
고라니 ("Manchurian elk")
kōrɛŋi, korɛi (Gyeongsang dialect)
******kandahan ("a kind of deer")***
******mori~muriuma~mumauma******mʌl/(馬)malmori
(Nanai)
***morin***
・ιo-sie ,
nərə-si
(於斯)
******wono2ono*******odzgɔy
(烏子蓋) ("ax")
nɔlh 날ㅎ ("blade")
nal (칼)날 ("blade")
nas ("sickle; scythe")
tōkki ("ax")
******anjikū ("hatchet")***
nərə-si, ə-si,
(於斯)
***osy/esy 阿斯(寬大:gererous, tolerant)
nalai
naras-o("roll,to level off")
vos-o("transcend, surpass")
y-si("right,wide,noble,enough")
naras-o("to level off")
vos-o("to transcend, to press, to push")
******어위 (< *어쉬)nəlbɯn 넓은
nəlb
nərɯn
***očo 我撮(寬)ončo(廣:wast)***
nərəgi
əji(於支)
*älig > el ("hand")***tadamgi(arm)
atʃi(foot,walk,rain,money)
ashi******nʌlgɛnarɛ, nalgɛ 날개******asχa***
・ιo-sie/*ye
(於斯)
******yo2ko2(横)/yo2k-(避)yoko/yokeru******əs/엇əs************
tan/el toən/t‘ən
(旦,頓,呑)
******tanitani******tʌn~el toʌn("village", 村)***************
ninəŋ-biuʌt
仍伐
******ina-ɸo("ear of rice")
mi2("fruit, seed, grain")
nebar-("stickiness of rice")
inaho
nebar-
******pyə("rice plant; unhulled rice")nuy("grains of unhulled rice amongst hulled rice")************
kuət-・ιəi
(骨衣)
******kata-("tough,firm")katai("tough,stiff")***ka¨cʰɔ¨lkəcʰɯl- (荒)kəchil-
kud-
******kata-("to become hard, to become rough")***
ka-ʃιi
(加尸)
kerci-("to cut, to dig trenches")***kar-("to plow")kar-******karai(木[木+欠]・鍬, kal-(plow)
kal(刀)
kal-gerbe-("break, snap")
(Nanai)
***halhan(犂先)/halhan~halgan(犂[金+華])gerbe-("break, snap")
ka-(・a)
(加阿)
kera***hai("edge, blade")kari("edge")hai
kari
******kʌs******kaja-("to cut")
huwesi-("cutter, small blade")
***
toŋ-pιoəi
(冬非)
******tubura(丸)/maro(丸:"round")tsubura******el toŋgɯl-(圓)el toŋgɯl-(圓}******torho-("to roll,to circle")***
anʃi, anʒip, ɣwando
(安市,安十,丸都)
***ənduhə (达斡尔语)azi("reason,value")aji(taste)*********al 알(x)elū-***umhan
muheren
elū
tor (廻)******tar-(足る:"enough,last,to reach")tarir-******tʌritari 다리******juru(numberal for something pair up)***
tʰjʌr (鐵)******************tʌritʰʌr 털************
biar/bιεt
(別)
******ɸy*********pʌl*********fe("ex-, past, former")***
pιo-sie/pιo-so
(扶蘇/扶蘇)
******matumatsubu(扶,負)
so(蘇)
***sol(松)/pos(樺)sol,sonamu,so******bahiya("pine cone")***
bιuk-sie/puk
(伏斯)
******ɸuka-si/puka-fuka-******kiph o·nkiph-
puk ("deeply")
************
yia-ʃιi
(也尸)
******itatʃi(weasel)itachi(weasel)******yezï ~ yezɣ-
("fox")
yəo ("fox")
여시yəsi(dialect)
************
ιi-bιoʌt
(伊伐)
******iɸa("residences")
iɸa-udo/iɸa-ɸito("family,genealogy")
iɸawi/iɸewi("domiciles,houses")
i-ba-sho("one's whereabouts" sho is a loan word)*********iut (隣)******imiya-("to gather togather")***
sat
(薩)
******sai, see, zai, zae
(dialeutal Japanese words for "icicle" or "ice on the branches of trees or on the surface of a body of water")
*********sərisəri******juhe***
ka-tʃιy
(加支)
******kati/katʃin(brown/lush),katute(in the past)katʃte*********kəch-(蕪)
kis- ("lush, overgrown with weeds, overrun with plants")
************
ko-・ιəi
(古衣)
qoγo***kukuɸi1~kubi1("swan")kukui/kugui("swan")******kohay
kon
koni******gaha("bird, raven")
gasha("big bird")
***
群落ul (于尸)uruk ("cla")ulus ("people, nation, tribe, horde")udi ("cla, family; the standing of one's family, the social status of one's family, lineage, birth; surname")uchi("me, home, family")******ul("relations; relatives; kinsfolk; cla")
uri ("we, us; the Korean people, Koreans")
*********urse ("people")
uce("entrance")
***
kʌi-ʃιi
(皆尸)
******ki1 ("fang; tusk")***************************
pii-lιεt
(比烈)
biri***ɸi1ra-(比良:flat,level)
taira("flat")
hirata-
taira
*********pʌl******ba("field, district")
pile-("to confirm, to criticize")
tehere-("to flat, to be equal")
***
母親yá chi
(也次)
Ana***ɸaɸa("mother")/oya("parent")haha, oya******
əzi
어미əel mio
아매,에마 ame,ema(north dialect)
***eniyena ja***
嬰兒gιəo-sie / kus / kyus
(仇斯)
koto(儿子,匈奴語)
kız (女孩、女儿)
O'gul
***ko1 (子)kodomo*********koma(童)
koma-(小-)
***omojui("kid")kuŋa ("child")
komok
(功木)
******kumakumakoma***komkōm************
o-sie-həm
(烏斯含)
tawïsγan***usagi1 / wosagi1usagi******thos-gi 톳기tho-ggi 토끼************
見面pʌk/*pak
(伯)
bak-("to see, to look; to find")***mak-(設:"to obtain,to prepare,to make")
ɸak-(別:"to see, to know,to understand")>*wakar-
ɸakar-(諮・計:"to consult,to talk, to obtain")
mōker-
wakar-
hakar-
******poizʌp- ("to humbly show oneself, to meet (an honored person)")po-("to see, to look")/ poyp-("to have an audience with, to meet (an honored person)")
pak
***baka- ("to look for, to seek, to search")baha-("to get, to obtain")baka-("to find")
ma
(馬)
******ma- ("truely, really")ma-******modir-mōjir- ("harsh; severe; cruel")***manga(難:hard)maŋga(堅、難"hard")maŋa
心/胸kιo-sιi
(居尸)
göğüskökünko2ko2ro2("heart")/koro("oneself")kokoro*********kogäŋi (核心)/ kesʰɯm (胸、心)******huhun (乳、乳房)***
mai-tʃιi
(買尸)
***maŋgirsun(野蒜)el mio1ra(韮)nira ("garlic chives")******manʌl
(蒜)
manɯl******maca ("garlic chives")***
tsʌm
(斬)
******tukene("root,knot,joint")tʃukene***pul?(根)pulhuy(根)ppuritʃamγ(根株)
(尼夫赫语)
***da***
kɯl/kιən-ʃιi
(斤尸)
******kak-(to write)
kuk-/*kurum-(to collect, to form,to bind)
ko2to2("word, speech, language")
kak-
kukur-/kurum-
koto
******kɯlkɯl***hersehergen***
ko-ʃie
(古斯)
***gaskusiro2("bracelet")kushiro******kusɯl ("jewel")kusɯl***γungu***
dzei〈tsei〉-ts‘ii
斉次/濟次
******tʃuk-(透), tʃuki(隙)suki ("chink, gap, vulnerable point")*********t'ul-(透), tɯm(隙)***************
kap,kap-pii
甲,甲比
qapca("gorge, ravine"), qapi¨γ("Gate")***kaɸi1 ("gorge, strait, narrow valley")kubomi*********kul (穴)************
mir, mil
(密)
siet/s^ïei
(悉/史)
bis(5)guravel mio1el mio***milsei/səih셋 sʰet̚***ilanilan***
ütsi,uci,üc,
uca,uchha
(于次,弓次)
üç(3)tabunituitsu******tasul (打戌)tasət
닷 tah
dügünsunjasunja***
nan-・ιən,
nanən,nanun,
nanin
(難隠)
Yeti***añadaañada******(n)ìlgɯp(一急)(n)ìlgúpnadennadennaden***
tək,duk
(德)
on
toquz(9)
aravto2/to2wotō-*********열 yəl(10)
온on(100)
즈믄chɯmun(1000)
juwajuwanjuwanʒuwan
*kəmər, kəmhək
(今勿)
Qara***kuro1kuro******kəm-/검-검 kʌm******kara***
nə γei
ʃιi-lap
(奈兮 / 尸臘)
Aq***sira(白)shiro******hʌy-(白)hʌy-
hin
hayan
******šara-("to become white")
šeyen("white")
šanggiyan("white")
***
s^a-bιuk
s^a-pιoəi-kιən
sa(i)puk, sa(i)pikon
sapi
沙伏, 沙非斤
Qyzyl*hulaɣan > ulaanso2ɸo<*so2po/so2ɸo(赭,朱)/sa(接頭語)***supi(赤鳥)sapi(泗沘)sitpɯk(赤)붉은pulgɯn
시뻘건sippəlgən("deep rede")
seppəlgən
bug(bulg)
******fulgiyan***
kweyru/kuət******ki2-~ kú-ki(iro)******************suwayan***
puruk/bιoʌt-lιək
(伐力)
******midomidori******phɯrɯn ("blue, green")pharan
phurɯn ("blue, green")
parah
************

Ver tamién

Referencies

Notes

  1. Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2, December 2005
  2. Fan Ye, Book of the Later Han, volume 85; the Dongyi Liezhuan
  3. Wei Shou, Book of Wei, volume 100; the Liezhuan 88, the Wuji
  4. Li Dashi, History of Northern Dynasties, volume 94; the Liezhuan 82, the Wuji

Bibliografía

  • Beckwith, C. I. (2004). Koguryo, the language of Japan's continental relatives: an introduction to the historical-comparative study of the Japanese Koguryoic languages with a preliminary description of Archaic northeastern Middle Chinese. Brill's Japanese studies library, v. 21. Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13949-4
  • Beckwith (2006). "Methodological Observations on Some Recent Studies of the Early Ethnolinguistic History of Korea and Vicinity." Altai Hakpo 2006, 16: 199-234.
  • Beckwith (2006). "The Ethnolinguistic History of the Early Korean Peninsula Region: Japanese-Koguryoic and Other Languages in the Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla Kingdoms." Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2006, Vol. 2-2: 34-64.
  • Beckwith (2007): Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages, with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese. Brill Academic Publishers, 2004. ISBN 90-04-13949-4. Second edition, 2007. ISBN 90-04-16025-5
  • http://thomaspellard.ryukyu.googlepages.com/reviewKoguryro.pdf

Enllaces esternos

Xaponés

Inglés



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