الغوبينية

الغوبينية، هي حركة أكاديمية وسياسية واجتماعية تشكلت في القرن 19 بألمانيا على أساس أعمال الفرنسي الأرستقراطي آرثر دي غوبينو.[1] من جهة هي حركة مؤيدة للعرقية الجرمانية ومن جهة أخرى هي أيديولوجية معادية للقومية، وخاصة ضد الأمة الفرنسية؛[2] أثرت الحركة على القوميين والمفكرين الألمان مثل ريتشارد فاجنر وفريدريك نيتشه.[3] وصف المؤرخون الغوبينية بأنها أصبحت شبيهة بالعبادة بحلول نهاية القرن التاسع عشر، مع أتباع أقوياء ومؤثرين، خاصة في حركة رابطة الشعوب الجرمانية.[4][5]

أنتشرت هذه الحركة بين الجمعيات الفكرية الألمانية،[6] خاصة دائرة بايرويت، وهي الظاهرة التي وصفها والتر تشارلز لانغر بأنها «مجتمعات غوبينو»،[7] تم تكييف الغوبينية لاحقًا من قبل هيوستن ستيوارت تشامبرلين وألفريد روزنبرغ لتشكيل عناصر الفلسفة النازية.[8] تم التأكيد على معاداة السامية عند غوبينو في الغوبينية من أجل تقوية الحركة النازية أيديولوجيًا وقت لاحق.[9]

لقد ترك المؤرخون فجوة فلسفية كبيرة بين تشاؤم غوبينو نفسه، ولا سيما إصراره على رؤيته للآريين الأسطوريين كشعب ضائع ومفقود ، مقابل التفاؤل ومواضيع إعادة حيوية الأتباع وأعضاء الحركة الغوبينية.[10] ويعتقد أن تفريخ الغوبينية استمر في التأثير بشكل كبير على جميع النظريات العرقية المستقبلية لتلك الفترة.[11] استلهم نيتشة مفهوم الإنسان الأعلى من الحركة إلى حد كبير.[12] كما يعتقد بعض المؤرخين أن تأثير الغوبينية كان لا يزال يؤثر على الخطاب العنصري في منتصف القرن العشرين.[13]

المراجع

Fluehr-Lobban، Carolyn (2018). Race and Racism: An Introduction. Rowman & Littlefield. ص. 109. ISBN:978-1442274587. Chamberlain's writings and the political movement of Gobineauism had a direct bearing on Nazi ideology.
Arendt، Hannah (1968). Imperialism: Part Two Of The Origins Of Totalitarianism. هوتون ميفلين هاركورت. ص. 54. ISBN:978-0156442008. The consistent antinational trend of Gobinism served to equip the enemies of French democracy and, later, of the Third Republic, with real or fictitious allies beyond the frontiers of their country
Gould، Stephen Jay (1996). The Mismeasure of Man. W. W. Norton & Company. ص. 359. ISBN:978-0393314250. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-03. Gobineau was undoubtedly the most influential academic racist of the nineteenth century. His writings strongly affected such intellectuals as Wanger and Nietzsche and inspired a social movement known as Gobinism.
Trattner، Ernest R. (1942). Architects of Ideas: The Story of the World's Great Thinkers. New Home Library. ص. 359. By the close of the nineteenth century, Gobinism had become a powerful cult with important adherents. A supreme Germany peopled by blond geniuses was a tempting ideal to which few compatriots resisted homage.
Crossland، Margaret (1992). Simone De Beauvoir: The Woman and Her Work. Arrow. ص. 15. ISBN:978-0434149018. His philosophy of racial aristocracy led to the doctrine of Gobinism popular with propagandists of the pan-Germanic movement.
Yarshater، Ehsan (2004). Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 11: Gioni - Harem I. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. ص. 23. ISBN:978-0933273719. Soon to become fashionable in German intellectual circles, his theories gave birth to Gobinism, a racist extrapolation of his views about the superiority of the white race
Cerf، Jay H. (1951). The Intellectual Basis of Nazism. University of Wisconsin Press. ص. 106. German nationalists ... found "Gobinism" made to order. Accounts of this period show that "Gobinism" became the rage of Germany. Langer speaks of "Gobineau Societies".
Pieterse، Jan P. Nedervene (1989). Empire and Emancipation: Power and Liberation on a World Scale. Praeger Publishing. ص. 250. ISBN:978-0275925291. Gobinism became one of the central veins of European reaction; adapted by Houston Stewart Chamberlain ('the spiritual founder of the Third Reich') and Alfred Rosenberg, it became part of Nazi philosophy.
Blumenthal، W. Michael (1998). The Invisible Wall: Germans and Jews - A Personal Exploration. Counterpoint. ISBN:978-1887178730. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-06. No one, for example, espoused the glorification of a superior Germanic race more fervently than Richard Wagner, and no one was a more enthusiastic proponent of "Gobineauism's" view of Jewish inferiority.
Harris، Laurie Lanzen (1988). Nineteenth-century Literature Criticism, Volume 17. Gale. ص. 98. Between the pessimism of Gobineau and the regenerative optimism of those who, in preaching 'Gobinism', came to make use of his doctrines there is of course a vast gulf. But it is not altogether unbridgeable.
Pyzik، Teresa؛ Sikora، Tomasz (2000). New Shape of Ethics?: Reflections on Ethical Values in Post-modern American Cultures and Societies. University of Silesia Press. ص. 65. Although Gobineau himself was concerned with a scholarly examination of the mechanics of human social life rather than with racist political programs, his theory of racial determinism, which in time developed into a movement called gobinism, had an enormous influence upon the subsequent development of racial theories.
Macgillivray، J. A. (2000). Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth. Hill & Wang. ص. 39. ISBN:978-0809030354. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-06. His thesis, that the Germanic Aryans would retain social superiority only if they retained racial purity and didn't dilute their genetic inheritance through mixing with inferior black and yellow strains, became the basis for the political movement called Gobinism at the end of the century; the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche used it to create his ideal of the Übermensch
Samiei، Sasan (2014). Ancient Persia in Western History: Hellenism and the Representation of the Achaemenid Empire. أي بي توريس. ص. 75. ISBN:978-1780764801. Some, however, may argue that even though, superficially, the race debates of the 1930s seemed to have moved on from the Gobineauism of the nineteenth century, they had not done so decisively enough to be considered as an altogether new phenomenon.

بوابة السياسة
بوابة مجتمع
بوابة علم الاجتماع
بوابة ألمانيا

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[1] Fluehr-Lobban، Carolyn (2018). Race and Racism: An Introduction. Rowman & Littlefield. ص. 109. ISBN:978-1442274587. Chamberlain's writings and the political movement of Gobineauism had a direct bearing on Nazi ideology.

[2] Arendt، Hannah (1968). Imperialism: Part Two Of The Origins Of Totalitarianism. هوتون ميفلين هاركورت. ص. 54. ISBN:978-0156442008. The consistent antinational trend of Gobinism served to equip the enemies of French democracy and, later, of the Third Republic, with real or fictitious allies beyond the frontiers of their country

[3] Gould، Stephen Jay (1996). The Mismeasure of Man. W. W. Norton & Company. ص. 359. ISBN:978-0393314250. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-06-03. Gobineau was undoubtedly the most influential academic racist of the nineteenth century. His writings strongly affected such intellectuals as Wanger and Nietzsche and inspired a social movement known as Gobinism.

[4] Trattner، Ernest R. (1942). Architects of Ideas: The Story of the World's Great Thinkers. New Home Library. ص. 359. By the close of the nineteenth century, Gobinism had become a powerful cult with important adherents. A supreme Germany peopled by blond geniuses was a tempting ideal to which few compatriots resisted homage.

[5] Crossland، Margaret (1992). Simone De Beauvoir: The Woman and Her Work. Arrow. ص. 15. ISBN:978-0434149018. His philosophy of racial aristocracy led to the doctrine of Gobinism popular with propagandists of the pan-Germanic movement.

[6] Yarshater، Ehsan (2004). Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 11: Gioni - Harem I. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. ص. 23. ISBN:978-0933273719. Soon to become fashionable in German intellectual circles, his theories gave birth to Gobinism, a racist extrapolation of his views about the superiority of the white race

[7] Cerf، Jay H. (1951). The Intellectual Basis of Nazism. University of Wisconsin Press. ص. 106. German nationalists ... found "Gobinism" made to order. Accounts of this period show that "Gobinism" became the rage of Germany. Langer speaks of "Gobineau Societies".

[8] Pieterse، Jan P. Nedervene (1989). Empire and Emancipation: Power and Liberation on a World Scale. Praeger Publishing. ص. 250. ISBN:978-0275925291. Gobinism became one of the central veins of European reaction; adapted by Houston Stewart Chamberlain ('the spiritual founder of the Third Reich') and Alfred Rosenberg, it became part of Nazi philosophy.

[9] Blumenthal، W. Michael (1998). The Invisible Wall: Germans and Jews - A Personal Exploration. Counterpoint. ISBN:978-1887178730. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-06. No one, for example, espoused the glorification of a superior Germanic race more fervently than Richard Wagner, and no one was a more enthusiastic proponent of "Gobineauism's" view of Jewish inferiority.

[10] Harris، Laurie Lanzen (1988). Nineteenth-century Literature Criticism, Volume 17. Gale. ص. 98. Between the pessimism of Gobineau and the regenerative optimism of those who, in preaching 'Gobinism', came to make use of his doctrines there is of course a vast gulf. But it is not altogether unbridgeable.

[11] Pyzik، Teresa؛ Sikora، Tomasz (2000). New Shape of Ethics?: Reflections on Ethical Values in Post-modern American Cultures and Societies. University of Silesia Press. ص. 65. Although Gobineau himself was concerned with a scholarly examination of the mechanics of human social life rather than with racist political programs, his theory of racial determinism, which in time developed into a movement called gobinism, had an enormous influence upon the subsequent development of racial theories.

[12] Macgillivray، J. A. (2000). Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth. Hill & Wang. ص. 39. ISBN:978-0809030354. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-07-06. His thesis, that the Germanic Aryans would retain social superiority only if they retained racial purity and didn't dilute their genetic inheritance through mixing with inferior black and yellow strains, became the basis for the political movement called Gobinism at the end of the century; the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche used it to create his ideal of the Übermensch

[13] Samiei، Sasan (2014). Ancient Persia in Western History: Hellenism and the Representation of the Achaemenid Empire. أي بي توريس. ص. 75. ISBN:978-1780764801. Some, however, may argue that even though, superficially, the race debates of the 1930s seemed to have moved on from the Gobineauism of the nineteenth century, they had not done so decisively enough to be considered as an altogether new phenomenon.