Sphingidae

Pylsterte; Tydperk: 23–0 m. jaar gelede Ps Es Os Ms Pl Ps
Wetenskaplike klassifikasie
Koninkryk:	Animalia
Filum:	Arthropoda
Klas:	Insecta
Orde:	Lepidoptera
Familie:	Sphingidae; Latreille 1802

Die pylsterte (Sphingidae) is 'n familie van motte in die superfamilie Bombycoidea. Die meeste pylsterte is groot vlinders wat snags vlieg; die kleiner soorte vlieg dikwels bedags. In die hele wêreld is daar meer as 'n duisend spesies bekend. Daar is veral baie soorte in die tropiese gebiede, maar hulle kom ook in Suid-Afrika voor, soos die druiwepylstert en die varkoorpylstert

Sommide pylsterte, soos Macroglossum stellatarum, vermag dit om in die lug stil te hang om nektar uit 'n blom te suig. Hierdie vermoë om te swewe is slegs vier maal in nektardrinkende diere geëvolueer: kolibries, bepaalde vlermuise, die sweefvlieë en die pylsterte. Dis 'n opmerklike voorbeeld van konvergente evolusie. Pylsterte se behendige vliegvermoë is dikwels bestudeer. Hulle kan ook vinnig sywaarts vlieg, dalk om aan roofdiere te ontkom. [1]

Kenmerke

Die naam pylstert is afgelei van 'n kenmerk van die ruspe wat 'n verharde stekel dra op hul agterste segment. Die ruspes is meesal groot en kleurig, maar so dat hulle op hulle gasheerplant nie opval nie. Die vlinder het dikwels bonte kleure. Die vlerke se spanwydte wissel van 3,5 tot meer as 15 cm. Die grootste een is Cocytius antaeus, en het 'n spanwydte van 17,5 cm. Xanthopan morgani het dalk die langste roltong met ongeveer 30 cm. Hulle liggaam is gestroomlyn en hulle kan snelhede van tot 50 km/uur bereik.

Sommige soorte van die groep Choerocampina kan ultrasoniese geluide produseer. Die funksie daarvan is nie duidelik nie. [2]

Leefwyse

Die volwasse diere voed hulle met nektar, nes kolibries. Hulle slaan baie vinnig met hulle vlerke en gebruik hulle lang roltong om die nektar op te suig. Hierdie leefwyse kos baie energie en die motte moet gedurig nektar drink om aan hulle energiebehoeftes te voldoen. Die liggaamstemperatuur kan tydens hulle vlug tot 40°C.[3] oploop. Van sommige spesies is bekend dat hulle groot afstande kan aflê; hule is trekvlinders. Die manntjies en die wyfies kan taamlik lank lewe (10 tot 30 dae). Die wyfies lê deurskynende groen eiers wat meesal enkelvoudig gelê word. Die eiers se ontwikkeling varieer baie, van 3 tot 21 dae. [3][4]

Taksonomie

- Genus † Mioclanis Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
- Genus † Sphingidites Kernbach, 1967
- Genus † Teisseirei Roselli, 1939
Onderfamilie Langiinae Tutt, 1904
- Genus Langia Moore, 1872
Onderfamilie Macroglossinae Harris, 1839
- Tribus Dilophonotini Burmeister, 1878
  - Subtribus Dilophonotina Burmeister, 1878
    - Genus Aellopos Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Baniwa Lichy, 1981
    - Genus Callionima Lucas, 1857
    - Genus Erinnyis Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Eupyrrhoglossum Grote, 1865
    - Genus Hemeroplanes Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Isognathus Felder, C. & Felder, R., 1861
    - Genus Kloneus Skinner, 1923
    - Genus Madoryx Boisduval, [1875]
    - Genus Nyceryx Boisduval, [1875]
    - Genus Oryba Walker, 1856
    - Genus Pachylia Walker, 1856
    - Genus Pachylioides Hodges, 1971
    - Genus Perigonia Herrich-Schäffer, [1854]
    - Genus Phryxus Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Protaleuron Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Pseudosphinx Burmeister, 1855
    - Genus Stolidoptera Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Subtribus Philampelina Burmeister, 1878
    - Genus Aleuron Boisduval, 1870
    - Genus Amphion Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Cautethia Grote, 1865
    - Genus Enyo Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Eumorpha Hübner, [1807]
    - Genus Euproserpinus Grote & Robinson, 1865
    - Genus Himantoides Butler, 1876
    - Genus Pachygonidia Fletcher, 1982
    - Genus Proserpinus Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Sphecodina Blanchard, 1840
    - Genus Unzela Walker, 1856
- Tribus Hemarini Tutt, 1902
  - Genus Cephonodes Hübner, [1819]
  - Genus Hemaris Dalman, 1816
- Tribus Macroglossini Harris, 1839
  - Subtribus "Sphingonaepiopsis Genusgroep"
    - Genus Neogurelca Hogenes & Treadaway, 1993
    - Genus Sphingonaepiopsis Wallengren, 1858
  - Subtribus Acosmerygina Tutt, 1904
    - Genus Acosmeryx Boisduval, [1875]
    - Genus Dahira Moore, 1888
    - Genus Deidamia Clemens, 1859
    - Genus Micracosmeryx Mell, 1922
  - Subtribus Choerocampina Grote & Robinson, 1865
    - Genus Basiothia Walker, 1856
    - Genus Cechenena Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Cechetra Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
    - Genus Centroctena Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Chaerocina Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Deilephila [Laspeyres], 1809
    - Genus Euchloron Boisduval, [1875]
    - Genus Griseosphinx Cadiou & Kitching, 1990
    - Genus Hippotion Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Hyles Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Pergesa Walker, 1856
    - Genus Phanoxyla Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Rhagastis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Rhodafra Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Theretra Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Xylophanes Hübner, [1819]
  - Subtribus Clarinina Tutt, 1904
    - Genus Acosmerycoides Mell, 1922
    - Genus Ampelophaga Bremer & Grey, 1853
    - Genus Clarina Tutt, 1903
    - Genus Darapsa Walker, 1856
    - Genus Elibia Walker, 1856
    - Genus Enpinanga Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Subtribus Macroglossina Harris, 1839
    - Genus Altijuba Lachlan, 1999
    - Genus Angonyx Boisduval, [1875]
    - Genus Antinephele Holland, 1889
    - Genus Atemnora Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Cizara Walker, 1856
    - Genus Daphnis Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Eurypteryx Felder, C. & Felder, R., 1874
    - Genus Giganteopalpus Huwe, 1895
    - Genus Hayesiana Fletcher, 1982
    - Genus Hypaedalea Butler, 1877
    - Genus Leucostrophus Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Maassenia Saalmüller, 1884
    - Genus Macroglossum Scopoli, 1777
    - Genus Nephele Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Pseudenyo Holland, 1889
    - Genus Pseudoangonyx Eitschberger, 2010
    - Genus Rethera Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Temnora Walker, 1856
    - Genus Temnoripais Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Tinostoma Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Zacria Haxaire & Melichar, 2003
  - Subtribus Incertae Sedis
    - Genus Eupanacra Cadiou & Holloway, 1989
    - Genus Gnathothlibus Wallengren, 1858
    - Genus Microsphinx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Odontosida Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Onderfamilie Smerinthinae Grote & Robinson, 1865
- "Cypa Genusgroep"
  - Genus Cypa Walker, [1865]
  - Genus Cypoides Matsumura, 1921
  - Genus Grillotius Rougeot, 1973
  - Genus Rhodambulyx Mell, 1939
  - Genus Rhodoprasina Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Smerinthulus Huwe, 1895
- "Polyptychus Genusgroep"
  - Genus Andriasa Walker, 1856
  - Genus Chloroclanis Carcasson, 1968
  - Genus Neopolyptychus Carcasson, 1968
  - Genus Polyptychus Hübner, [1819]
  - Genus Pseudoclanis Rothschild, 1894
- Tribus Ambulycini Butler, 1876
  - Genus Adhemarius Oiticica Filho, 1939
  - Genus Akbesia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Ambulyx Westwood, 1847
  - Genus Amplypterus Hübner, [1819]
  - Genus Barbourion Clark, 1934
  - Genus Batocnema Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Compsulyx Holloway, 1979
  - Genus Orecta Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Protambulyx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Trogolegnum Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
- Tribus Incertae Sedis
  - Genus Afrosphinx Carcasson, 1968
  - Genus Agnosia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Anambulyx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Callambulyx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Ceridia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Coequosa Walker, 1856
  - Genus Craspedortha Mell, 1922
  - Genus Falcatula Carcasson, 1968
  - Genus Imber Moulds, Tuttle & Lane, 2010
  - Genus Lophostethus Butler, 1876
  - Genus Microclanis Carcasson, 1968
  - Genus Opistoclanis Jordan, 1929
  - Genus Oplerclanis Eitschberger, 2007
  - Genus Parum Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Platysphinx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Poliodes Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Rufoclanis Carcasson, 1968
  - Genus Xenosphingia Jordan, 1920
- Tribus Leucophlebiini Boisduval, 1875
  - Genus Afroclanis Carcasson, 1968
  - Genus Clanidopsis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Clanis Hübner, [1819]
  - Genus Leptoclanis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Leucophlebia Westwood, 1847
  - Genus Malgassoclanis Carcasson, 1968
  - Genus Neoclanis Carcasson, 1968
  - Genus Phylloxiphia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Pseudandriasa Carcasson, 1968
  - Genus Pseudopolyptychus Carcasson, 1968
  - Genus Rhadinopasa Karsch, 1891
  - Genus Viriclanis Aarvik, 1999
- Tribus Mimatini Tutt, 1902
  - Genus Amorpha Hübner, [1809]
  - Genus Mimas Hübner, [1819]
  - Genus Morwennius Cassidy, Allen & Harman, 2002
  - Genus Phyllosphingia Swinhoe, 1897
- Tribus Sataspedini Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
  - Genus Afrosataspes Basquin & Cadiou, 1986
  - Genus Sataspes Moore, [1858]
- Tribus Sichiini Tutt, 1902
  - Genus Daphnusa Walker, 1856
  - Genus Gynoeryx Carcasson, 1968
  - Genus Likoma Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Marumba Moore, [1882]
- Tribus Smerinthini Grote & Robinson, 1865
  - Genus Laothoe Fabricius, 1807
  - Genus Pachysphinx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Paonias Hübner, [1819]
  - Genus Smerinthus Latreille, [1802]
Onderfamilie Sphinginae Latreille, 1802
- Sphinginae "Australische Sphingulini"
  - Genus Coenotes Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Hopliocnema Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Synoecha Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Tetrachroa Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
- Tribus Monardini Haxaire & Minet, 2017
  - Genus Monarda Druce, 1896
- Tribus Pentateuchini Haxaire & Minet, 2017
  - Genus Pentateucha Swinhoe, 1908
- Tribus Sphingini Latreille, 1802
  - "Psilogramma Genussgroep"
    - Genus Leucomonia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Notonagemia Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
    - Genus Pantophaea Jordan, 1946
    - Genus Poliana Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Psilogramma Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Subtribus Acherontiina Boisduval, 1875
    - Genus Acherontia [Laspeyres], 1809
    - Genus Agrius Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Callosphingia Rothschild & Jordan, 1916
    - Genus Coelonia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Megacorma Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Subtribus Cocytiina Tutt, 1904
    - Genus Amphimoea Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Cerberonoton Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
    - Genus Cocytius Hübner, [1819]
    - Genus Neococytius Hodges, 1971
    - Genus Panogena Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Xanthopan Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Subtribus Sphingina Latreille, 1802
    - Genus Apocalypsis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Ceratomia Harris, 1839
    - Genus Dolba Walker, 1856
    - Genus Dolbogene Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Dovania Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Ellenbeckia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Euryglottis Boisduval, [1875]
    - Genus Hoplistopus Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Ihlegramma Eitschberger, 2003
    - Genus Isoparce Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Lapara Walker, 1856
    - Genus Lintneria Butler, 1876
    - Genus Litosphingia Jordan, 1920
    - Genus Lomocyma Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Manduca Hübner, [1807]
    - Genus Meganoton Boisduval, [1875]
    - Genus Nannoparce Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Neogene Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Oligographa Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Paratrea Grote, 1903
    - Genus Praedora Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
    - Genus Pseudodolbina Rothschild, 1894
    - Genus Rothinjoa Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
    - Genus Sagenosoma Jordan, 1946
    - Genus Sphinx Linnaeus, 1758
    - Genus Taboribia Strand, 1910
    - Genus Thamnoecha Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
- Tribus Sphingulini Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
  - Genus Dolbina Staudinger, 1877
  - Genus Kentrochrysalis Staudinger, 1887
  - Genus Sphingulus Staudinger, 1887

Afbeeldings

Acherontia atropos
Agrius convolvuli
Cephonodes hylas
Daphnis nerii
Deilephila elpenor
Deilephila porcellus<
Eumorpha pandorus
Hemaris diffinis
Hemaris fuciformis
Hemaris tityus
Hippotion celerio
Hyles gallii
Hyles livornica
Hyles tithymali
Laothoe amurensis
Laothoe populi
Macroglossum stellatarum
Manduca sexta
Mimas tiliae
Polyptychoides assimilis
Smerinthus ocellata
Sphinx ligustri
Sphinx pinastri
Xylophanes chiron

Verwysings

Kitching, I. (2002). "The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 135 (4): 471–527. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00021.x.
Barber, J.R.; Kawahara, A.Y. (2013). "Hawkmoths produce anti-bat ultrasound". Biology Letters. 9 (4): 20130161. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0161.
Pittaway, A.R. (1993). The hawkmoths of the western Palaearctic. London: Harley Books & Natural History Museum. ISBN 0-946589-21-6.
= Scoble, = Malcolm J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity (2nd edition). London: Oxford University Press & Natural History Museum. ISBN 0-19-854952-0.{{cite book}}: AS1-onderhoud: ekstra leestekens (link)

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[kitching-1] Kitching, I. (2002). "The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 135 (4): 471–527. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00021.x.

[2] Barber, J.R.; Kawahara, A.Y. (2013). "Hawkmoths produce anti-bat ultrasound". Biology Letters. 9 (4): 20130161. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0161.

[Pittaway1993-3] Pittaway, A.R. (1993). The hawkmoths of the western Palaearctic. London: Harley Books & Natural History Museum. ISBN 0-946589-21-6.

[4] = Scoble, = Malcolm J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity (2nd edition). London: Oxford University Press & Natural History Museum. ISBN 0-19-854952-0.{{cite book}}: AS1-onderhoud: ekstra leestekens (link)