Purushartha

Purushartha (Sanskrit: पुरुषार्थ) beteken letterlik ’n "voorwerp van menslike nastrewing".[1] Dit is ’n sleutelbegrip in Hindoeïsme wat verwys na die vier belangrikste doelwitte in ’n mens se lewe. Die vier purusharthas is: dharma (etiek/pligte), artha (sukses/werk), kama (begeertes/passies) en moksha (bevryding/vryheid van die siklus van dood en hergeboorte/verlossing).[2][3]

Al vier purusharthas is belangrik, maar in ’n geval van konflik is dharma belangriker as artha en kama.[2][4][5] Moksha word beskou as die hoogste ideaal van ’n mens se lewe.[6] Daar is egter verskille onder Hindoes oor die volgorde.

Etimologie

Die woord "purushartha" is ’n samestelling tussen die Sanskrit-woorde purusha (पुरुष) en artha (अर्थ). Eersgenoemde beteken "oermens as die siel en oorspronklike bron van die heelal".[7] Laasgenoemde beteken in ’n sekere sin "doel", "voorwerp van begeerte" en "betekenis".[8] Saam beteken die woorde letterlik "doelwit van ’n mens" of "voorwerp van nastrewing".[1][9]

Die Amerikaanse professor in godsdiens, geskiedenis en geesteswetenskappe Alf Hiltebeitel vertaal purushartha as "doelwitte van die mens".[10]

Verwysings

puruSArtha Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Keulen-university, Duitsland
Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.
Olivelle, Patrick (1993). The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508327-X.
Patrick Olivelle, Dharmasutras – The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-283882-2, bl. 364
Patrick Olivelle, Dharmasutras – The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-283882-2, ble. 92–93
Alban Widgery (1930), The Principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, 40(2): 239–240
purusha Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Keulen-university, Duitsland
artha Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Keulen-university, Duitsland
R Prasad (2008), A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals, ISBN 978-81-8069-544-5, bl. 125
Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002). "Hinduism" in: Kitagawa, J.M. (red.) The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.

Skakels

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[se1-1] uruSArtha Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Keulen-university, Duitsland

[gavinf16-2] Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.

[3] Olivelle, Patrick (1993). The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508327-X.

[4] Patrick Olivelle, Dharmasutras – The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-283882-2, bl. 364

[5] Patrick Olivelle, Dharmasutras – The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-283882-2, ble. 92–93

[The_Principles_of_Hindu_Ethics-6] Alban Widgery (1930), The Principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, 40(2): 239–240

[7] urusha Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Keulen-university, Duitsland

[8] rtha Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Keulen-university, Duitsland

[rp-9] R Prasad (2008), A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals, ISBN 978-81-8069-544-5, bl. 125

[10] Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002). "Hinduism" in: Kitagawa, J.M. (red.) The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.