Metformien

Metformien, wat onder andere onder die handelsnaam Glucophage verkoop word, is die belangrikste eersteliniemedikasie vir die behandeling van tipe 2-diabetes,[3][4][5][6] veral by mense wat oorgewig is.[7] Dit word ook gebruik in die behandeling van polisistiese ovariumsindroom.[8] Dit word soms as 'n byvoegsel gebruik om die risiko van metaboliese sindroom te verminder by mense wat antipsigotika gebruik.[9] Metformien word nie met gewigstoename geassosieer nie[10] en word per mond geneem.[8]

 Vrywaring: Die mediese inligting verskaf op Wikipedia dien slegs as 'n riglyn en dra geen waarborg van feitelike korrektheid nie.
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Metformien

Bal-en-stokkiemodel van die metformienmolekuul
Chemie
IUPAC naam N,N-Dimethylimido=
dicarbonimidic diamide
Chemiese formule C4H11N5
Molêre massa 129.167 g/mol
CAS-nommer 657-24-9
Farmakokinetika
Biobeskikbaarheid 50–60%[1][2]
Proteïengebonde Minimaal[1]
Metabolisme Nie deur die lewer
Uitskeiding Uriene (90%)
Halfleeftyd 4–8.7 uur

Metformien word oor die algemeen goed verdra. Algemene newe-effekte sluit in diarree, naarheid en maagpyn.[8] Dit het 'n klein risiko om lae bloedsuiker te veroorsaak. Hoë bloedmelksuurvlakke is 'n bekommernis as die medikasie in te hoë dosisse gebruik word of voorgeskryf word aan mense met ernstige nierprobleme.[11][12]

Metformien is 'n biguanied anti-hiperglukemiese middel. Dit werk deur glukoseproduksie in die lewer te verminder, die insuliensensitiwiteit van liggaamsweefsel te verhoog,[8] en GDF15-afskeiding te verhoog, wat eetlus en kalorie-inname verminder.[13][14][15][16]

Mediese gebruike

Metformien word gebruik om bloedglukose te verlaag in diegene met tipe 2 diabetes.[8] Dit word ook gebruik as 'n tweedelyn middel vir onvrugbaarheid by vroue met polisistiese ovariumsindroom.[17]

Tipe 2-diabetes

Die American Diabetes Association en die American College of Physicians beveel albei metformien aan as 'n eerstelynmiddel om tipe 2 diabetes te behandel.[18][19][20] Dit is net so effektief as repaglinied en meer effektief as al die ander orale middels vir tipe 2 diabetes.[21]

Die gebruik van metformien verminder liggaamsmassa by mense met tipe 2-diabetes[22][23] in teenstelling met sulfonielureumderivate, wat met gewigstoename geassosieer word.[24] Sommige bewyse toon dat metformien geassosieer word met gewigsverlies in vetsug in die afwesigheid van diabetes.[25][26] Metformien het 'n laer risiko van hipoglukemie as die sulfonielureums,[27][28] alhoewel hipoglukemie selde voorgekom het tydens intense oefening, kalorie-tekort, of wanneer dit saam met ander middels gebruik word om bloedglukose te verlaag.[29][30] Metformien verminder lae-digtheid lipoproteïen en trigliseriede vlakke effens. [31][32]

Gewigsverandering

Die gebruik van metformien word tipies geassosieer met gewigsverlies.[33] Dit blyk veilig en doeltreffend te wees om die gewigstoename wat deur die antipsigotiese medisyne olansapien en klosapien veroorsaak word, teen te werk.[34][35] Alhoewel 'n beskeie ommekeer van klosapien-geassosieerde gewigstoename gevind word met metformien, is primêre voorkoming van gewigstoename meer waardevol.[36]

Gebruik saam met insulien

Metformien kan die insulienbehoefte verminder by tipe 1-diabetes, alhoewel met 'n verhoogde risiko van hipoglukemie.[37]

Lewensverlenging

Daar is bewyse dat metformien nuttig kan wees om lewensduur te verleng, selfs in andersins gesonde mense. Dit het aansienlike belangstelling ontvang as 'n middel wat veroudering vertraag, moontlik deur soortgelyke meganismes as die behandeling van diabetes (insulien- en koolhidraatregulering). [38][39]

Alzheimersiekte

Die moontlikheid dat metformien die aanvang of vordering van Alzheimersiekte kan vertraag, of selfs kan voorkom, word ondersoek. Daar is 'n verskeidenheid van navorsing gepubliseer in hierdie veld in 'n poging om 'n korrelasie tussen tipe 2-diabetes en Alzheimer se siekte vas te stel.[40] Navorsing sluit studies in met deelnemers wat nie met diabetes gediagnoseer is nie.[41]

Kontraindikasies

Metformien is teenaangedui by mense met:

  • Ernstige nierversaking (geskatte glomerulêre filtrasietempo (eGFR) onder 30 ml/min/1,73 m2 )[42]
  • Bekende hipersensitiwiteit vir metformien[42]
  • Akute of chroniese metaboliese asidose, insluitend diabetiese ketoasidose (van onbeheerde diabetes),[42] met of sonder koma [43]

Nadelige gevolge

Die mees algemene nadelige effek van metformien is gastroïntestinale irritasie, insluitend diarree, krampe, naarheid, braking en verhoogde winderigheid; Metformien word meer algemeen geassosieer met gastroïntestinale nadelige effekte as die meeste ander antidiabetiese medisyne.[44] Die ernstigste potensiële nadelige effek van metformien is melksuur-asidose; hierdie komplikasie is skaars, en blyk verband te hou met verswakte lewer- of nierfunksie.[45] Metformien is nie goedgekeur vir gebruik in diegene met ernstige niersiekte nie, maar kan steeds gebruik word teen laer dosisse in diegene met nierprobleme.[46]

Chemie

Metformienhidrochloried (1,1-dimetielbiguaniedhidrochloried) is vrylik oplosbaar in water, effens oplosbaar in etanol, maar byna onoplosbaar in asetoon, eter of chloroform. Die pKa van metformien is 12,4.[47] Die gewone sintese van metformien, wat oorspronklik in 1922 beskryf is, behels die eenpotreaksie van dimetielamienhidrochloried en 2-sianoguanidien oor hitte.[48][49]

Verwysings
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