Mantsjoerye-insident

Die Mantsjoerye-insident, ook bekend in Chinees as die 9.18 insident (九・一八), was 'n valsvlag gebeurtenis uitgevoer deur Japannese militêre personeel wat as 'n voorwendsel vir die 1931 Japannese inval in Mantsjoerye gedien het.[1][2][3]

Japannese troepe wat Shenyang binnegaan tydens die Mantsjoerye-insident

Op 18 September 1931 het luitenant Suemori Kawamoto van die Onafhanklike Garnisoen-eenheid van die 29ste Japannese Infanterie Regiment (独立守備隊) 'n klein hoeveelheid dinamiet laat ontplof[4] naby 'n spoorlyn wat besit word deur Japan se Suid-Mantsjoerye Muangden-spoorweg.[5] Die ontploffing was so swak dat dit nie daarin geslaag het om die spoor te vernietig nie, en 'n trein het minute later daaroor gery. Die keiserlike Japannese weermag het Chinese andersdenkendes van die daad beskuldig en gereageer met 'n volle inval wat gelei het tot die besetting van Mantsjoerye, waarna Japan ses maande later sy marionetstaat Mantsjoekwo gevestig het. Die misleiding is ontbloot deur die Lytton-verslag van 1932, wat Japan diplomatiek geïsoleer het en tot sy onttrekking in Maart 1933 aan die Volkebond gelei.[6]

Die bomaanval staan bekend as die Liutiao-meer-insident (tradisioneel Chinees: 柳條湖事變; ; vereenvoudigde Chinees: 柳条湖事变; pinyin: Liǔtiáohú Shìbiàn, Japannees: 柳条湖事件, Ryūjōko-jiken), en die hele episode van gebeure is bekend in Japan as die Mantsjoerye-insident (Kyūjitai: Manchurian Incident, Shinjitai: 満州事変, Manshū-jihen) en in China as die 18 September insident (tradisioneel Chinees: 九一八事变; vereenvoudigde Chinees: 九一八事變; pinyin: Jiǔyībā Shìbiàn

Verwysings
  1. The Cambridge History of Japan: The Twentieth Century, bl. 294, Peter Duus,John Whitney Hall, Cambridge University Press: 1989 ISBN 978-0-521-22357-7
  2. An instinct for War: Scenes from the battlefields of history, bl. 315, Roger J. Spiller, ISBN 978-0-674-01941-6; Harvard University Press
  3. Concise dictionary of modern Japanese history, bl. 120, Janet Hunter, University of California Press: 1984, ISBN 978-0-520-04557-6
  4. The Cambridge History of Japan: The Twentieth Century, bl. 294, Peter Duus, John Whitney Hall, Cambridge University Press: 1989. ISBN 978-0-521-22357-7
  5. Fenby, Jonathan. Chiang Kai-shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost. Carroll & Graf: 2003, bl. 202
  6. Encyclopedia of war crimes and genocide, bl. 128, Leslie Alan Horvitz & Christopher Catherwood, Facts on File (2011); ISBN 978-0-8160-8083-0

Verdere leesstof
  • Ferrell, Robert H. (Maart 1955). "The Mukden Incident: September 18–19, 1931". Journal of Modern History. 27 (1): 66–72. doi:10.1086/237763. JSTOR 1877701. S2CID 144691966.
  • Huang, Grace C. (2021). Chiang Kai-Shek's Politics of Shame: Leadership, Legacy, and National Identity in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 9780674260139.
  • Jowett, Philip (2005). Rays of the Rising Sun, Volume 1: Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45, China and Manchukuo. Helion and Company Ltd. ISBN 978-1-874622-21-5.
  • Lensen, George Alexander (1974). The Damned Inheritance: The Soviet Union and the Manchurian Crises 1924–1935. The Diplomatic Press.
  • Long-hsuen, Hsu; Chang Ming-kai (1971). History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) (2nd uitg.). 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan: Chung Wu Publishing.{{cite book}}: AS1-onderhoud: plek (link)
  • Lucas, David G. Strategic Disharmony: Japan, Manchuria, and Foreign Policy (Air War College, 1995) online.
  • Matsusaka, Yoshihisa Tak (2003). The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932. Harvard U Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-01206-6.
  • Ogata, Sadako N. Defiance in Manchuria: the making of Japanese foreign policy, 1931-1932 (U of California Press, 1964).
  • Yoshihashi, Takehiko. Conspiracy at Mukden: the rise of the Japanese military (Yale UP, 1963) online
  • Wright, Quincy (1932-02). "The Manchurian Crisis". American Political Science Review. 26 (1): 45–76.

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