Holozoa

Holozoans; Tydperk: Vroeë Tonium - Hede,1000–0 m. jaar gelede Had. Arch. Proter. Fan.
	Agelas clathrodes
Wetenskaplike klassifikasie
Domein:	Eukaryota
(geen rang):	Unikonta
(geen rang):	Obazoa
(geen rang):	Opisthokonta
(geen rang):	Holozoa; Lang et al., 2002
Subgroepe
	Ichthyosporea (= Mesomycetozoea); Pluriformea Corallochytrium; Syssomonas; ; Filozoa Filasterea; Choanozoa Choanoflagellata; Metazoa (diere); ; ;

Holozoa is 'n groep organismes wat diere en hul naaste eensellige relatiewe insluit, maar sluit swamme uit.[1][2][3][4] Holozoa is ook 'n ou naam vir die Tunicata genus Distaplia.[5]

Omdat Holozoa 'n klade is, insluitend alle organismes wat nader aan diere verwant is as aan swamme, verkies sommige skrywers om parafiletiese groepe te herken wat meestal uit Holozoa minus diere bestaan.[6]

Miskien is die bekendste holozoë, afgesien van diere, die Choanoflagellatea, wat sterk ooreenkom met die kraagselle van sponsdiere, en so is teoretiseer om verwant te wees aan sponsdiere selfs in die 19de eeu. Proterospongia is 'n voorbeeld van 'n koloniale Choanoflagellatea wat lig kan werp op die oorsprong van sponsdiere.

Die affiniteite van die ander eensellige holosoë het eers in die 1990's begin erken word.[7] Die sub-klassifikasie Icthyosporea of Mesomycetozoea bevat 'n aantal meestal parasitiese spesies. Die ameboïed genera Ministeria en Capsaspora kan verenig word in die Filasterea groep deur die struktuur van hul draadagtige pseudopodieë. Saam meet choanoflagellatea, kan Filasterea nou verwant wees aan diere, en een ontleding het hulle saam as die Filozoa klade gegroepeer.[3]

Verwysings

Aleshin, V.V. (Desember 2007). Konstantinova, A.V.; Mikhailov, K.V.; Nikitin, M.A.; Petrov, N.B. "Do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?". Biochemistry Mosc. 72 (12): 1313–23. doi:10.1134/S000629790712005X. PMID 18205615. S2CID 12594007.
Lang, B.F. (Oktober 2002). O'Kelly, C., Nerad, T., Gray, M.W., Burger, G. "The closest unicellular relatives of animals". Current Biology. 12 (20): 1773–8. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9. PMID 12401173. S2CID 14192333.
Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne A.; Espelund, Mari; Orr, Russell; Ruden, Torgeir; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Aramayo, Rodolfo (7 Mei 2008). Aramayo, Rodolfo (red.). "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162.
Elias, M.; Archibald, J.M. (Augustus 2009). "The RJL family of small GTPases is an ancient eukaryotic invention probably functionally associated with the flagellar apparatus". Gene. 442 (1–2): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.011. PMID 19393304.
Tatiàn, Marcos; Antacli, Julieta Maria; Sahade, Ricardo (2005). "Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): species distribution along the Scotia Arc". Scientia Marina. 69 (suppl. 2): 205–214. doi:10.3989/scimar.2005.69s2205.
Steenkamp, Emma T.; Wright, Jane; Baldauf, Sandra L. (Januarie 2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185.
Ragan, Mark A.; Goggin, C. Louise; Cawthorn, Richard J.; Cerenius, Lage; Jamieson, Angela V.C.; Plourde, Susan M.; Rand, Thomas G.; Söoderhäll, Kenneth; Gutell, Robin R. (15 Oktober 1996). "A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence". PNAS. 93 (21): 11907–11912. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9311907R. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11907. PMC 38157. PMID 8876236.

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[pmid18205615-1] Aleshin, V.V. (Desember 2007). Konstantinova, A.V.; Mikhailov, K.V.; Nikitin, M.A.; Petrov, N.B. "Do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?". Biochemistry Mosc. 72 (12): 1313–23. doi:10.1134/S000629790712005X. PMID 18205615. S2CID 12594007.

[pmid12401173-2] Lang, B.F. (Oktober 2002). O'Kelly, C., Nerad, T., Gray, M.W., Burger, G. "The closest unicellular relatives of animals". Current Biology. 12 (20): 1773–8. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9. PMID 12401173. S2CID 14192333.

[pmid18461162-3] Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne A.; Espelund, Mari; Orr, Russell; Ruden, Torgeir; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Aramayo, Rodolfo (7 Mei 2008). Aramayo, Rodolfo (red.). "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162.

[pmid19393304-4] Elias, M.; Archibald, J.M. (Augustus 2009). "The RJL family of small GTPases is an ancient eukaryotic invention probably functionally associated with the flagellar apparatus". Gene. 442 (1–2): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.011. PMID 19393304.

[5] Tatiàn, Marcos; Antacli, Julieta Maria; Sahade, Ricardo (2005). "Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): species distribution along the Scotia Arc". Scientia Marina. 69 (suppl. 2): 205–214. doi:10.3989/scimar.2005.69s2205.

[Steenkamp-6] Steenkamp, Emma T.; Wright, Jane; Baldauf, Sandra L. (Januarie 2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185.

[7] Ragan, Mark A.; Goggin, C. Louise; Cawthorn, Richard J.; Cerenius, Lage; Jamieson, Angela V.C.; Plourde, Susan M.; Rand, Thomas G.; Söoderhäll, Kenneth; Gutell, Robin R. (15 Oktober 1996). "A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence". PNAS. 93 (21): 11907–11912. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9311907R. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11907. PMC 38157. PMID 8876236.